{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T02:40:41Z","timestamp":1778812841455,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFA0600103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFA0600103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFA0600102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFA0600102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41671331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41671331"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The long-term estimation of grassland aboveground biomass (AGB) is important for grassland resource management in the Three-River Headwaters Region (TRHR) of China. Due to the lack of reliable grassland AGB datasets since the 1980s, the long-term spatiotemporal variation in grassland AGB in the TRHR remains unclear. In this study, we estimated AGB in the grassland of 209,897 km2 using advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR), MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), meteorological, ancillary data during 1982\u20132018, and 75 AGB ground observations in the growth period of 2009 in the TRHR. To enhance the spatial representativeness of ground observations, we firstly upscaled the grassland AGB using a gradient boosting regression tree (GBRT) model from ground observations to a 1 km spatial resolution via MODIS normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), meteorological and ancillary data, and the model produced validation results with a coefficient of determination (R2) equal to 0.76, a relative mean square error (RMSE) equal to 88.8 g C m\u22122, and a bias equal to \u22121.6 g C m\u22122 between the ground-observed and MODIS-derived upscaled AGB. Then, we upscaled grassland AGB using the same model from a 1 km to 5 km spatial resolution via AVHRR NDVI and the same data as previously mentioned with the validation accuracy (R2 = 0.74, RMSE = 57.8 g C m\u22122, and bias = \u22120.1 g C m\u22122) between the MODIS-derived reference and AVHRR-derived upscaled AGB. The annual trend of grassland AGB in the TRHR increased by 0.37 g C m\u22122 (p &lt; 0.05) on average per year during 1982\u20132018, which was mainly caused by vegetation greening and increased precipitation. This study provided reliable long-term (1982\u20132018) grassland AGB datasets to monitor the spatiotemporal variation in grassland AGB in the TRHR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13152993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T21:21:21Z","timestamp":1627593681000},"page":"2993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Satellite-Derived Estimation of Grassland Aboveground Biomass in the Three-River Headwaters Region of China during 1982\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5000-0779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruiyang","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3803-8170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunjun","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Satellite Environmental Application Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huawei","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Satellite Environmental Application Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zijing","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjia","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Eco-Environment Monitoring Center, Xining 810007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Eco-Environment Monitoring Center, Xining 810007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7564-6509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ke","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaozheng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1910-4286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangyi","family":"Bei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2002.00512.x","article-title":"Estimating net primary productivity from grassland biomass dynamics meas-urements","volume":"8","author":"Scurlock","year":"2002","journal-title":"Glob. 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