{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T22:14:53Z","timestamp":1762640093858,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Tumen River Basin, located in the cross-border region of China, North Korea, and Russia, constitutes an important ecological barrier in China. Forest here is mainly distributed around wetland, with the distribution of wetland having the potential to regulate regional forest carbon storage. However, the spatially explicit map of forest aboveground biomass (AGB) and potential impact of drivers, i.e., wetland distribution and climate, is still lacking. We thus use a deep neural network and multi-source remote sensing data to quantify forest AGB in the Tumen River Basin. Our results show the mean forest AGB is 103.43 Mg ha\u22121, with divergent spatial variation along its distance to wetland. The results of correlation analysis showed that with sufficient soil moisture supply, temperature dominant spatial variation of forest aboveground biomass. Noted that using the space for time substitution, we find when wetland decreased by less than 11.1%, the forest AGB decreased by more than 8%. Our result highlight the signatures of wetland impact on its nearby forest carbon storage, and urge the wetland protection, especially under the warming and drying future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13153009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T21:44:32Z","timestamp":1627854272000},"page":"3009","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Signatures of Wetland Impact: Spatial Distribution of Forest Aboveground Biomass in Tumen River Basin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Guanting","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Ocean Sciences, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guishan","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Ocean Sciences, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3843-2434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hangnan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Ocean Sciences, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Ocean Sciences, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weihong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Ocean Sciences, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhehao","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Ocean Sciences, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Wetlands and Water, World Resources Institute."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-012-0280-7","article-title":"China\u2019s wetlands: Conservation plans and policy impacts","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-009-2263-0","article-title":"Topographic influence on wetland distribution and change in Maduo County, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China","volume":"9","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-012-5093-3","article-title":"Mapping wetland changes in China between 1978 and 2008","volume":"57","author":"Niu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Asselen, S., Verburg, P.H., Vermaat, J.E., and Janse, J.H. (2013). Drivers of wetland conversion: A global meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081292"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892902000085","article-title":"Temperate freshwater wetlands: Types, status, and threats","volume":"29","author":"Brinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2005.0215","article-title":"Applying science to conservation and restoration of the world\u2019s wetlands","volume":"51","author":"Mitsch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-010-9547-6","article-title":"Selecting sites for converting farmlands to wetlands in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China, based on remote sensing and GIS","volume":"46","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007). Summary for policymakers. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-008-0057-5","article-title":"Quantification of land use\/land cover changes in Pearl River Delta and its impact on regional climate in summer using numerical modeling","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8009(99)00146-9","article-title":"Global valuation of ecosystem services: Application to the Pantanal da Nhecolandia, Brazil","volume":"33","author":"Seidl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654-1103.2011.01279.x","article-title":"A regional-scale consideration of the effects of species richness on above-ground biomass in temperate natural grasslands of China","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Veg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1058629","article-title":"Changes in forest biomass carbon storage in China between 1949 and 1998","volume":"292","author":"Fang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1084","article-title":"Forest biomass of China: An estimate based on the biomass\u2013volume relationship","volume":"8","author":"Fang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2596","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12588","article-title":"Changes in forest biomass and linkage to climate and forest disturbances over Northeastern China","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1126\/science.263.5144.185","article-title":"Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems","volume":"263","author":"Dixon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, T., Su, Y., Xue, B., Liu, J., Zhao, X., Fang, J., and Guo, Q. (2016). Mapping global forest aboveground biomass with spaceborne LiDAR, optical imagery, and forest inventory data. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8070565"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1051\/forest:2000158","article-title":"A generic model of forest canopy conductance dependent on climate, soil water availability and leaf area index","volume":"57","author":"Granier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2005.0343","article-title":"Evaluating stream water quality through land use analysis in two grassland catchments: Impact of wetlands on stream nitrogen concentration","volume":"35","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2006.12.004","article-title":"Evidence for soil water control on carbon and water dynamics in European forests during the extremely dry year: 2003","volume":"143","author":"Granier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/22.15-16.1107","article-title":"Hydraulic redistribution of soil water during summer drought in two contrasting Pacific Northwest coniferous forests","volume":"22","author":"Brooks","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Y., Lu, D., Li, G., Wang, G., Chen, Q., Liu, L., and Li, D. (2018). Comparative analysis of modeling algorithms for forest aboveground biomass estimation in a subtropical region. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10040627"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2006.12.018","article-title":"Satellite-based estimation of biomass carbon stocks for northeast China\u2019s forests between 1982 and 1999","volume":"240","author":"Tan","year":"2007","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2018.12.030","article-title":"Progress of implementation on the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation in (2011\u20132020) China","volume":"230","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2008.09.022","article-title":"Wildfire promotes broadleaves and species mixture in boreal forest","volume":"257","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"399","article-title":"High density biomass estimation for wetland vegetation using WorldView-2 imagery and random forest regression algorithm","volume":"18","author":"Mutanga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"3969","article-title":"Evaluation of river ecosystem health in tumen River Basin","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Oecologica"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-11-189-2019","article-title":"Multi-source global wetland maps combining surface water imagery and groundwater constraints","volume":"11","author":"Tootchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Zheng, Y., Qi, D., Li, R., and Yi, X. (November, January 31). DNN-based prediction model for spatio-temporal data. Proceedings of the 24th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems, Burlingame, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2011.07.004","article-title":"A comparison of methods for estimating fractional vegetation cover in arid regions","volume":"151","author":"Jiapaer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Rumney, G.R. (1968). Climatology and the World\u2019s Climates, The Macmillan Company."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, J., Piao, S., Zhou, L., He, J., Wei, F., Myneni, R.B., Tucker, C.J., and Tan, K. (2005). Precipitation patterns alter growth of temperate vegetation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024231"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2010.00645.x","article-title":"Variation in above-ground forest biomass across broad climatic gradients","volume":"20","author":"Stegen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL087648","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL087648","article-title":"Marshland loss warms local land surface temperature in China","volume":"47","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s11355-016-0304-8","article-title":"Landscape dynamics and driving forces of wetlands in the Tumen River Basin of China over the past 50 years","volume":"13","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-018-1006-y","article-title":"Impacts of land cover changes on ecosystem carbon stocks over the transboundary Tumen River Basin in Northeast Asia","volume":"28","author":"Xiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/15\/3009\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:37:52Z","timestamp":1760164672000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/15\/3009"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13153009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13153009","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]}}}