{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T13:34:41Z","timestamp":1781530481022,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fine particulate matter in the lower atmosphere (PM2.5) continues to be a major public health problem globally. Identifying the key contributors to PM2.5 pollution is important in monitoring and managing atmospheric quality, for example, in controlling haze. Previous research has been aimed at quantifying the relationship between PM2.5 values and their underlying factors, but the spatial and temporal dynamics of these factors are not well understood. Based on random forest and Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) algorithms, this study analyses the spatiotemporal variations in selected key factors influencing PM2.5 in Zhejiang Province, China, for the period 2000\u20132019. The results indicate that, while factors influencing PM2.5 varied significantly during the period studied, SHAP values suggest that there is consistency in their relative importance as follows: meteorological factors (e.g., atmospheric pressure) &gt; socioeconomic factors (e.g., gross domestic product, GDP) &gt; topography and land cover factors (e.g., elevation). The contribution of GDP and transportation factors initially increased but has declined in the recent past, indicating that economic and infrastructural development does not necessarily result in increased PM2.5 concentrations. Vegetation productivity, as indicated by changes in NDVI, is demonstrated to have become more important in improving air quality, and the area of the province over which it constrains PM2.5 concentrations has increased between 2000 and 2019. Mapping of SHAP values suggests that, although the relative importance of industrial emissions has declined during the period studied, the actual area positively impacted by such emissions has actually increased. Despite developments in government policy, greater efforts to conserve energy and reduce emissions are still needed. The study further demonstrates that the combination of random forest and SHAP methods provides a valuable means to identify regional differences in key factors affecting atmospheric PM2.5 values and offers a reliable reference for pollution control strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13153011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T21:44:32Z","timestamp":1627854272000},"page":"3011","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Factors Underlying Spatiotemporal Variations in Atmospheric PM2.5 Concentrations in Zhejiang Province, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaofan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8322-3055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael E.","family":"Meadows","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa"},{"name":"School of Geography and Ocean Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingwen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenzhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonggang","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2305-6934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meili","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enguang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.06.236","article-title":"Source and exposure apportionments of ambient PM2.5 under different synoptic patterns in the Pearl River Delta region","volume":"236","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.09.111","article-title":"Multi-output support vector machine for regional multi-step-ahead PM2.5 forecasting","volume":"651","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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