{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T09:18:59Z","timestamp":1772788739058,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Detection of aircrafts in satellite images is a challenging problem when the background is strongly reflective clouds with varying transparency. We develop a fast and effective detection algorithm that can find almost all aircrafts above and between clouds in Sentinel-2 multispectral images. It exploits the time delay of a few seconds between the recorded multispectral images such that a moving aircraft is observed at different positions due to parallax effects. The aircraft speed, heading and altitude are also calculated accurately. Analysing images over the English Channel during fall 2020, we obtain a detection accuracy of 80%, where the most of the remaining were covered by clouds. We also analyse images in the 1.38 \u03bcm water absorption band, where only 61% of the aircrafts are detected.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13153016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T21:44:32Z","timestamp":1627854272000},"page":"3016","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Aircraft Detection above Clouds by Sentinel-2 MSI Parallax"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8847-634X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peder","family":"Heiselberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2229-2000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henning","family":"Heiselberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, July 01). ADS-B: Live Flight Tracker. Available online: https:\/\/planefinder.net\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2021, July 01). ESA Copernicus Program, Sentinel Scientific Data Hub. Available online: https:\/\/schihub.copernicus.eu."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2017.2766448","article-title":"Multispectral Misregistration of Sentinel-2A Images: Analysis and Implications for Potential Applications","volume":"14","author":"Skakun","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, F., Qiu, F., Li, X., Tang, Y., Zhong, R., and Yang, C. (2020). A Method to Detect and Track Moving Airplanes from a Satellite Video. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12152390"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2018.05.001","article-title":"Detection of flying aircraft from Landsat 8 OLI data","volume":"141","author":"Zha","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heiselberg, H. (2019). Aircraft and Ship Velocity Determination in Sentinel-2 Multispectral Images. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19132873"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111867","article-title":"Space eye on flying aircraft: From Sentinel-2 MSI parallax to hybrid computing","volume":"246","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.1985.1143684","article-title":"On Multilook Images of Moving Targets by Synthetic Aperture Radars","volume":"33","author":"Ouchi","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/15\/3016\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:38:43Z","timestamp":1760164723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/15\/3016"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13153016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13153016","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]}}}