{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T21:23:49Z","timestamp":1778880229646,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41941002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41941002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA17010404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA17010404"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Most previous studies tend to simplify the lunar regolith as a homogeneous medium. However, the lunar regolith is not completely homogeneous, because there are weak reflections from the lunar regolith layer. In this study, we examined the weak heterogeneity of the lunar regolith layer using a self-organization model by matching the reflection pattern of both the lunar regolith layer and the top of the ejecta layer. After a series of numerical experiments, synthetic results show great consistency with the observed Chang\u2019E-4 lunar penetrating radar data and provide some constraints on the range of controlling parameters of the exponential self-organization model. The root mean square permittivity perturbation is estimated to be about 3% and the correlation distance is about 5\u201310 cm. Additionally, the upper layer of ejecta has about 1\u20132 rocks per square meter, and the rock diameter is about 20\u201330 cm. These parameters are helpful for further study of structural characteristics and the evolution process of the lunar regolith. The relatively small correlation distance and root mean square perturbation in the regolith indicate that the regolith is mature. The weak reflections within the regolith are more likely to be due to structural changes rather than material composition changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13153017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T21:44:32Z","timestamp":1627854272000},"page":"3017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Self-Organization Characteristics of Lunar Regolith Inferred by Yutu-2 Lunar Penetrating Radar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2573-2905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Innovation Academy of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2526-5035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenmin","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Innovation Academy of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6067-3325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Innovation Academy of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6314-5299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinhai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Innovation Academy of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yangting","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Innovation Academy of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenxing","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Innovation Academy of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12764","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL085252","article-title":"Topographic Evolution of von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n Crater Revealed by the Lunar Rover Yutu-2","volume":"46","author":"Di","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. 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