{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:37:25Z","timestamp":1767339445626,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12\/51187-0","2018\/18491-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12\/51187-0","2018\/18491-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB-1754317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB-1754317"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Finance code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Finance code 001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Optical water types (OWTs) were identified from an in situ dataset of concomitant biogeochemical and optical parameters acquired in the Amazon River and its tributaries, in the Lower Amazon region, at different hydrological conditions from 2014 to 2017. A seasonal bio-optical characterization was performed. The k-means classification was applied to the in situ normalized reflectance spectra (rn(\u03bb)), allowing the identification of four OWTs. An optical index method was also applied to the rn(\u03bb) defining the thresholds of the OWTs. Next, level-3 Sentinel-3 Ocean and Land Color Instrument images representative of the seasonal discharge conditions were classified using the identified in situ OWTs as reference. The differences between Amazon River and clearwater tributary OWTs were dependent on the hydrological dynamics of the Amazon River, also showing a strong seasonal variability. Each OWT was associated with a specific bio-optical and biogeochemical environment assessed from the corresponding absorption coefficient values of colored dissolved organic matter (aCDOM) and particulate matter (ap), chlorophyll-a and suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations, and aCDOM\/ap ratio. The rising water season presented a unique OWT with high SPM concentration and high relative contribution of ap to total absorption compared to the other OWTs. This bio-optical characterization of Lower Amazon River waters represents a first step for developing remote sensing inversion models adjusted to the optical complexity of this region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T08:47:52Z","timestamp":1628066872000},"page":"3057","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Optical Classification of Lower Amazon Waters Based on In Situ Data and Sentinel-3 Ocean and Land Color Instrument Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4742-771X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline de M.","family":"Valerio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0011-2083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milton","family":"Kampel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Vantrepotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universit\u00e9 Littoral C\u00f4te d\u2019Opale, UMR 8187, Laboratoire d\u2019Oc\u00e9anologie et de G\u00e9osciences (LOG), 59000 Lille, France"}]},{"given":"Nicholas D.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Sequim, WA 99354, USA"},{"name":"School of Oceanography, University of Washington (UW), Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2999-1712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey E.","family":"Richey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Oceanography, University of Washington (UW), Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A657","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.00A657","article-title":"Using CDOM optical properties for estimating DOC concentrations and pCO2 in the Lower Amazon River","volume":"26","author":"Valerio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. 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