{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T01:09:40Z","timestamp":1769821780435,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFE0122500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFE0122500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41671346"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41671346"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018532","name":"Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018CXGC0209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018CXGC0209"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018532","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Funds of Shandong \u201cDouble Tops\u201d Program","award":["SYL2017XTTD02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SYL2017XTTD02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. \u201cFuji\u201d), an important cash crop, is widely consumed around the world. Accurately predicting preharvest apple fruit yields is critical for planting policy making and agricultural management. This study attempted to explore an effective approach for predicting apple fruit yields based on time-series remote sensing data. In this study, time-series vegetation indices (VIs) were derived from Planet images and analyzed to further construct an accumulated VI (\u2211VIs)-based random forest (RF\u2211VI) model and a Carnegie\u2013Ames\u2013Stanford approach (CASA) model for predicting apple fruit yields. The results showed that (1) \u2211NDVI was the optimal predictor to construct an RF model for apple fruit yield, and the R2, RMSE, and RPD values of the RF\u2211NDVI model reached 0.71, 16.40 kg\/tree, and 1.83, respectively. (2) The maximum light use efficiency was determined to be 0.499 g C\/MJ, and the CASASR model (R2 = 0.57, RMSE = 19.61 kg\/tree, and RPD = 1.53) performed better than the CASANDVI model and the CASAAverage model (R2, RMSE, and RPD = 0.56, 24.47 kg\/tree, 1.22 and 0.57, 20.82 kg\/tree, 1.44, respectively). (3) This study compared the yield prediction accuracies obtained by the models using the same dataset, and the RF\u2211NDVI model (RPD = 1.83) showed a better performance in predicting apple fruit yields than the CASASR model (RPD = 1.53). The results obtained from this study indicated the potential of the RF\u2211NDVI model based on time-series Planet images to accurately predict apple fruit yields. The models could provide spatial and quantitative information of apple fruit yield, which would be valuable for agronomists to predict regional apple production to inform and develop national planting policies, agricultural management, and export strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T04:33:29Z","timestamp":1628138009000},"page":"3073","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Comparison of Machine-Learning and CASA Models for Predicting Apple Fruit Yields from Time-Series Planet Imageries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xueyuan","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9878-3274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenhai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China"}]},{"given":"Meixuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}]},{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2502-3287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaochong","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, National Apple Engineering and Technology Research Center, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}]},{"given":"Yuanmao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, National Apple Engineering and Technology Research Center, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}]},{"given":"Guijun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China"}]},{"given":"Xicun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.21273\/JASHS.134.1.3","article-title":"Accumulation of Macro- and Micronutrients and Nitrogen Demand-supply Relationship of \u2018Gala\u2019\/\u2019Malling 26\u2032 Apple Trees Grown in Sand Culture","volume":"134","author":"Cheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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