{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T04:05:36Z","timestamp":1767585936779,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda, M\u00e9xico","award":["Grant Agreement PN 2014\/247079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant Agreement PN 2014\/247079"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of statistical models and machine-learning techniques along satellite-derived aerosol optical depth (AOD) is a promising method to estimate ground-level particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of \u22642.5 \u03bcm (PM2.5), mainly in urban areas with low air quality monitor density. Nevertheless, the relationship between AOD and ground-level PM2.5 varies spatiotemporally and differences related to spatial domains, temporal schemes, and seasonal variations must be assessed. Here, an ensemble multiple linear regression (EMLR) model and an ensemble neural network (ENN) model were developed to estimate PM2.5 levels in the Monterrey Metropolitan Area (MMA), the second largest urban center in Mexico. Four AOD-SDSs (Scientific Datasets) from MODIS Collection 6 were tested using three spatial domains and two temporal schemes. The best model performance was obtained using AOD at 0.55 \u00b5m from MODIS-Aqua at a spatial resolution of 3 km, along meteorological parameters and daily scheme. EMLR yielded a correlation coefficient (R) of ~0.57 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of ~7.00 \u03bcg m\u22123. ENN performed better than EMLR, with an R of ~0.78 and RMSE of ~5.43 \u03bcg m\u22123. Satellite-derived AOD in combination with meteorology data allowed for the estimation of PM2.5 distributions in an urban area with low air quality monitor density.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T05:22:01Z","timestamp":1628227321000},"page":"3102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Evaluation of MODIS Aerosol Optical Depth and Surface Data Using an Ensemble Modeling Approach to Assess PM2.5 Temporal and Spatial Distributions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9758-8845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johana M.","family":"Carmona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Pawan","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology Institute, Universities Space Research Association (USRA), Huntsville, AL 35806, USA"},{"name":"NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA"}]},{"given":"Diego F.","family":"Lozano-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1782-1986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Y.","family":"Vanoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6097-223X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n Y.","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Paniagua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ciencias de la Atm\u00f3sfera, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Circuito Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica S\/N, C.U., Coyoac\u00e1n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4444-8507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Aeroparticles, composition, and lung diseases","volume":"7","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. 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