{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T03:21:29Z","timestamp":1768879289688,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Science Foundation of China","award":["51809073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51809073"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2018YFA0605402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFA0605402"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["B200201005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B200201005"]}]},{"name":"the Belt and Road Special Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering","award":["2020490511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020490511"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although soil moisture (SM) is an important constraint factor of evapotranspiration (ET), the majority of the satellite-driven ET models do not include SM observations, especially the SM at different depths, since its spatial and temporal distribution is difficult to obtain. Based on monthly three-layer SM data at a 0.25\u00b0 spatial resolution determined from multi-sources, we updated the original Priestley Taylor\u2013Jet Propulsion Laboratory (PT-JPL) algorithm to the Priestley Taylor\u2013Soil Moisture Evapotranspiration (PT-SM ET) algorithm by incorporating SM control into soil evaporation (Es) and canopy transpiration (T). Both algorithms were evaluated using 17 eddy covariance towers across different biomes of China. The PT-SM ET model shows increased R2, NSE and reduced RMSE, Bias, with more improvements occurring in water-limited regions. SM incorporation into T enhanced ET estimates by increasing R2 and NSE by 4% and 18%, respectively, and RMSE and Bias were respectively reduced by 34% and 7 mm. Moreover, we applied the two ET algorithms to the whole of China and found larger increases in T and Es in the central, northeastern, and southern regions of China when using the PT-SM algorithm compared with the original algorithm. Additionally, the estimated mean annual ET increased from the northwest to the southeast. The SM constraint resulted in higher transpiration estimate and lower evaporation estimate. Es was greatest in the northwest arid region, interception was a large fraction in some rainforests, and T was dominant in most other regions. Further improvements in the estimation of ET components at high spatial and temporal resolution are likely to lead to a better understanding of the water movement through the soil\u2013plant\u2013atmosphere continuum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,8]],"date-time":"2021-08-08T21:35:40Z","timestamp":1628458540000},"page":"3118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Estimation of Evapotranspiration and Its Components across China Based on a Modified Priestley\u2013Taylor Algorithm Using Monthly Multi-Layer Soil Moisture Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Wanqiu","family":"Xing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"},{"name":"College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}]},{"given":"Weiguang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"},{"name":"College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9768-137X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quanxi","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIRO Data 61, Australian Resources Research Centre, Kensington, WA 6151, Australia"}]},{"given":"Linye","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China"}]},{"given":"Mingzhu","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"},{"name":"College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RG2005","DOI":"10.1029\/2011RG000373","article-title":"A review of global terrestrial evapotranspiration: Observation, modeling, climatology, and climatic variability","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. 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