{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T06:28:13Z","timestamp":1773383293972,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,7]],"date-time":"2021-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CRHIAM Water Center","award":["ANID\/FONDAP\/15130015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANID\/FONDAP\/15130015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Remote sensing was used as an early alert tool for water clarity changes in five Araucanian Lakes in South-Central Chile. Turbidity records are scarce or unavailable over large and remote areas needed to fully understand the factors associated with turbidity, and their spatial-temporal representation remains a limitation. This work aimed to develop and validate empirical models to estimate values of turbidity from Landsat images and determine the spatial distribution of estimated turbidity in the selected Araucanian Lakes. Secchi disk depth measurements were linked with turbidity measurements to obtain a turbidity dataset. This in turn was used to develop and validate a set of empirical models to predict turbidity based on four single bands and 16 combination bands from 15 multispectral Landsat images. The best empirical models predicted turbidity over the range of 0.3\u201312.3 NTUs with RMSE values around 0.31\u20131.03 NTU, R2 (Index of Agreement IA) around 0.93\u20130.99 (0.85\u20130.97) and mean bias error (MBE) around (\u22120.36\u20130.44 NTU). Estimation maps to analyze the temporal-spatial turbidity variation in the lakes were constructed. Finally, it was found that the meteorological conditions may affect the variation of turbidity, mainly precipitation and wind speed. The data indicate that the turbidity has slightly increased in winter\u2013spring. These models will be used in the future to reconstruct large datasets that allow analyzing transparency trends in those lakes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,8]],"date-time":"2021-08-08T21:35:40Z","timestamp":1628458540000},"page":"3133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Retrieving Water Turbidity in Araucanian Lakes (South-Central Chile) Based on Multispectral Landsat Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0550-0253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lien","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Tecnolog\u00eda, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Lientur 1457, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3290-4947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iongel","family":"Duran-Llacer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Sciences Center (EULA), University of Concepcion, Concepcion 4030000, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7892-4604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisdelys","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Concepcion, Concepcion 4030000, Chile"}]},{"given":"Rolando","family":"Cardenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Matem\u00e1tica-F\u00edsica-Computaci\u00f3n, Universidad Central Marta Abreu de las Villas, Santa Clara 50100, Villa Clara, Cuba"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Urrutia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Sciences Center (EULA), University of Concepcion, Concepcion 4030000, Chile"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Press, A. 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