{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T08:25:53Z","timestamp":1761294353481,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 61771355 and No. 41701386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 61771355 and No. 41701386"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014206","name":"National Key Laboratory Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 614241103010417\/6142A01180206\/JCKYS2019204020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 614241103010417\/6142A01180206\/JCKYS2019204020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014206","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unlike a generally rough ground surface, the sea surface varies over time. To analyze the impact of the motion of sea waves on the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image of a target, the wideband echo simulation method based on a frequency domain is used. For the wideband echo, the electromagnetic (EM) scattering properties of the main frequency components are analyzed by the simulation method. Based on the EM scattering properties, the echo can be accurately simulated by using the inverse fast Fourier transformation (IFFT). Combined with the flight path of the radar, the echo of each pulse can be simulated to obtain the SAR image. The correct evaluation of the EM scattering properties is indispensable to the acquisition of an accurate SAR image. For complex targets, such as ships, the multiple scattering effects have a significant influence on the EM scattering properties. Thus, a rectangular wave beam-based geometrical optics and physical optics (GO\/PO) method is introduced to calculate the EM scattering properties, which is more efficient than the traditional GO\/PO. The GO\/PO method is suitable to simulate SAR images in which the EM scattering properties of each pulse need to be calculated. With these methods, the SAR images of the target on the sea surface are simulated. Based on the comparison of the SAR images between a static and dynamic sea surface, it is found that the region corresponding to the target is blurred and the texture of the dynamic sea is blurrier. The impact of multiple scattering and sea wave motion on target recognition are also analyzed with the SAR images that were generated under different conditions. Some strong scattering points appear when multiple scattering effects are considered. It is also found that the texture of the SAR images, corresponding to the sea surface, changes with the synthetic aperture time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T21:48:12Z","timestamp":1628718492000},"page":"3186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Simulation of a Wideband Radar Echo of a Target on a Dynamic Sea Surface"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Wang-Qiang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liu-Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Research Institute of High Technology, Xi\u2019an 710025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin-Zhuo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Academy of Space Technology, Xi\u2019an Branch, Xi\u2019an 710100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Research Institute of High Technology, Xi\u2019an 710025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9992-0007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2015.2421440","article-title":"Classification on the Monogenic Scale Space: Application to Target Recognition in SAR Image","volume":"24","author":"Dong","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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