{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:14:31Z","timestamp":1760235271393,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011705","name":"Korea Institute of Marine Science and Technology promotion","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PM20020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PM20020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011705","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1A2C2006857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A2C2006857"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Total sea level changes from space radar altimetry are mainly decomposed into two contributions of mass addition and volume expansion of oceans, measured by GRACE space gravimeter and Argo float array, respectively. However, the averages of altimetry, mass, and steric sea level changes have been usually examined over the respective data domains, which are different to one another. Errors arise from this area inconsistency is rarely discussed in the previous studies. Here in this study, an alternative definition of ocean domain is applied for examining sea level budgets, and the results are compared with estimates from different ocean areas. It shows that the impact of area inconsistency is estimated by about 0.3 mm\/yr of global trend difference, and averages based on a consistent ocean area yield a closer agreement between altimetry and mass + steric in trend. This contribution would explain some discordances of past sea level budget studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T22:14:36Z","timestamp":1628806476000},"page":"3206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impact of Ocean Domain Definition on Sea Level Budget"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2985-5120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taehwan","family":"Jeon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Science Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S.K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P.M. (2013). Sea Level Change. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Cambridge University Press. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JB016095","article-title":"Quantification of Ocean Mass Change Using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, Satellite Altimeter, and Argo Floats Observations","volume":"123","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2000.33","article-title":"The Argo Project: Global Ocean Observations for Understanding and Prediction of Climate Variability","volume":"13","author":"Roemmich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L09607","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL019920","article-title":"The gravity recovery and climate experiment: Mission overview and early results","volume":"31","author":"Tapley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"088306","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL088306","article-title":"Extending the Global Mass Change Data Record: GRACE Follow-On Instrument and Science Data Performance","volume":"47","author":"Landerer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2159","article-title":"The rate of sea-level rise","volume":"4","author":"Cazenave","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1829","article-title":"Contribution of ice sheet and mountain glacier melt to recent sea level rise","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.5194\/os-11-789-2015","article-title":"Sea level budget over 2005\u20132013: Missing contributions and data errors","volume":"11","author":"Dieng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WCRP (2018). Global Sea-Level Budget 1993\u2013Present. Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1551\u20131590.","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-10-1551-2018"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-00694-w","article-title":"Coastal Sea Level Anomalies and Associated Trends from Jason Satellite Altimetry over 2002\u20132018","volume":"7","author":"Benveniste","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-016-9390-2","article-title":"Arctic Sea Level During the Satellite Altimetry Era","volume":"38","author":"Carret","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1080\/01490419.2014.954087","article-title":"An Improved 20-Year Arctic Ocean Altimetric Sea Level Data Record","volume":"38","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Geod."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swenson, S., and Wahr, J. (2006). Post-processing removal of correlated errors in GRACE data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL025285"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30205","DOI":"10.1029\/98JB02844","article-title":"Time Variability of the Earth\u2019s Gravity Field: Hydrological and Oceanic Effects and Their Possible Detection Using Grace","volume":"103","author":"Wahr","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4228","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrc.20307","article-title":"Ocean Bottom Pressure Seasonal Cycles and Decadal Trends from Grace Re-lease-05: Ocean Circulation Implications","volume":"118","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-120308-081105","article-title":"Contemporary Sea Level Rise","volume":"2","author":"Cazenave","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3744","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL073308","article-title":"New estimate of the current rate of sea level rise from a sea level budget approach","volume":"44","author":"Dieng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.5194\/os-12-1067-2016","article-title":"Duacs Dt2014: The New Multi-Mission Altimeter Data Set Reprocessed over 20 Years","volume":"12","author":"Pujol","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-10-281-2018","article-title":"An improved and homogeneous altimeter sea level record from the ESA Climate Change Initiative","volume":"10","author":"Legeais","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2635","article-title":"Unabated global mean sea-level rise over the satellite altimeter era","volume":"5","author":"Watson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Zlotnicki, V., Qu, Z., and Willis, J. (2016). Gridded Sea Surface Anomalies Climate Data Recored Version Jpl1609, PO.DAAC."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JB013844","article-title":"Comment on \u201cAn Assessment of the ICE-6G_C (VM5a) Glacial Isostatic Adjustment Model\u201d by Purcell et al","volume":"123","author":"Peltier","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.5918\/jamstecr.8.47","article-title":"A monthly mean dataset of global oceanic temperature and salinity derived from Argo float observations","volume":"8","author":"Hosoda","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMSTEC Rep. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2009.03.004","article-title":"The 2004\u20132008 mean and annual cycle of temperature, salinity, and steric height in the global ocean from the Argo Program","volume":"82","author":"Roemmich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Save, H. (2019). Csr Grace Rl06 Mascon Solutions, Texas Data Repository Dataverse."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2648","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JB011547","article-title":"Improved Methods for Observing Earth\u2019s Time Variable Mass Distribution with Grace Using Spherical Cap Mascons","volume":"120","author":"Watkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.3189\/2013JoG12J147","article-title":"Antarctica, Greenland and Gulf of Alaska land-ice evolution from an iterated GRACE global mascon solution","volume":"59","author":"Luthcke","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JB011176","article-title":"Space geodesy constrains ice age terminal deglaciation: The global ICE-6G_C (VM5a) model","volume":"120","author":"Peltier","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggx302","article-title":"A New High-Resolution Model of Non-Tidal Atmosphere and Ocean Mass Variability for De-Aliasing of Satellite Gravity Observations: Aod1b Rl06","volume":"211","author":"Henryk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JC014341","article-title":"Processing Choices Affect Ocean Mass Estimates From GRACE","volume":"124","author":"Uebbing","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12306","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL075419","article-title":"Ocean Bottom Deformation Due to Present-Day Mass Redistribution and Its Impact on Sea Level Observations","volume":"44","author":"Frederikse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7509","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC010180","article-title":"Relative contributions of ocean mass and deep steric changes to sea level rise between 1993 and 2013","volume":"119","author":"Purkey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12049","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL085470","article-title":"Missing Hydrological Contribution to Sea Level Rise","volume":"46","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-11-629-2019","article-title":"Sea-level fingerprints emergent from GRACE mission data","volume":"11","author":"Adhikari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1026","article-title":"Recent mass balance of polar ice sheets inferred from patterns of global sea-level change","volume":"409","author":"Mitrovica","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13519","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31972-8","article-title":"Global sea level change signatures observed by GRACE satellite gravimetry","volume":"8","author":"Jeon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2019.115727","article-title":"Global thermosteric sea level change contributed by the deep ocean below 2000 m estimated by Argo and CTD data","volume":"524","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, L., Li, J., Chen, J., Wang, S.-Y., Wang, R., and Hu, X. (2020). Seismic Impact of Large Earthquakes on Estimating Global Mean Ocean Mass Change from GRACE. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12060935"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-016-0912-y","article-title":"Caveats on the Equivalent Water Thickness and Surface Mascon Solutions Derived from the Grace Satellite-Observed Time-Variable Gravity","volume":"90","author":"Chao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10872-006-0041-y","article-title":"Steric sea level changes estimated from historical ocean subsurface temperature and salinity analyses","volume":"62","author":"Ishii","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levitus, S., Antonov, J.I., Boyer, T.P., Garcia, H.E., and Locarnini, R.A. (2005). Linear trends of zonally averaged thermosteric, halosteric, and total steric sea level for individual ocean basins and the world ocean, (1955\u20131959)\u2013(1994\u20131998). Geophys. Res. Lett., 32.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL023761"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/16\/3206\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:45:05Z","timestamp":1760165105000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/16\/3206"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13163206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13163206","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]}}}