{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T04:37:08Z","timestamp":1774327028685,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002830","name":"Centre National d\u2019Etudes Spatiales","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNES-TOSCA-SMOS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNES-TOSCA-SMOS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002830","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydrological models are useful tools for water resources studies, yet their calibration is still a challenge, especially if aiming at improved estimates of multiple components of the water cycle. This has led the hydrologic community to look for ways to constrain models with multiple variables. Remote sensing estimates of soil moisture are very promising in this sense, especially in large areas for which field observations may be unevenly distributed. However, the use of such data to calibrate hydrological models in a synergistic way is still not well understood, especially in tropical humid areas such as those found in South America. Here, we perform multiple scenarios of multiobjective model optimization with in situ discharge and the SMOS L4 root zone soil moisture product for the Upper Paran\u00e1 River Basin in South America (drainage area &gt; 900,000 km\u00b2), for which discharge data for 136 river gauges are used. An additional scenario is used to compare the relative impacts of using all river gauges and a small subset containing nine gauges only. Across the basin, the joint calibration (CAL-DS) using discharge and soil moisture leads to improved precision and accuracy for both variables. The discharges estimated by CAL-DS (median KGE improvement for discharge was 0.14) are as accurate as those obtained with the calibration with discharge only (median equal to 0.14), while the CAL-DS soil moisture retrieval is practically as accurate (median KGE improvement for soil moisture was 0.11) as that estimated using the calibration with soil moisture only (median equal to 0.13). Nonetheless, the individual calibration with discharge rates is not able to retrieve satisfactory soil moisture estimates, and vice versa. These results show the complementarity between these two variables in the model calibration and highlight the benefits of considering multiple variables in the calibration framework. It is also shown that, by considering only nine gauges instead of 136 in the model optimization, the model is able to estimate reasonable discharge and soil moisture, although relatively less accurately and with less precision than for the entire dataset. In summary, this study shows that, for poorly gauged tropical basins, the joint calibration of SMOS soil moisture and a few in situ discharge gauges is capable of providing reasonable discharge and soil moisture estimates basin-wide and is more preferable than performing only a discharge-oriented optimization process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T22:51:00Z","timestamp":1629327060000},"page":"3256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Synergistic Calibration of a Hydrological Model Using Discharge and Remotely Sensed Soil Moisture in the Paran\u00e1 River Basin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8547-4736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayan Santos","family":"Fleischmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Hidr\u00e1ulicas (IPH), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1756-1096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Al Bitar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Etudes Spatiales de la Biosph\u00e8re (CESBIO), Toulouse University (CNES, CNRS, INRAe, IRD, UPS), 31013 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7076-4570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline Meyer","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Hidr\u00e1ulicas (IPH), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vin\u00edcius Alencar","family":"Siqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Hidr\u00e1ulicas (IPH), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bibiana Rodrigues","family":"Colossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Hidr\u00e1ulicas (IPH), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo Cauduro Dias de","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Hidr\u00e1ulicas (IPH), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6352-1717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yann","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Etudes Spatiales de la Biosph\u00e8re (CESBIO), Toulouse University (CNES, CNRS, INRAe, IRD, UPS), 31013 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3585-2022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anderson","family":"Ruhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Hidr\u00e1ulicas (IPH), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0371-7851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Mainardi","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Hidr\u00e1ulicas (IPH), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulo R\u00f3genes Monteiro","family":"Pontes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Vale\u2013Desenvolvimento Sustent\u00e1vel (ITV-DS), Bel\u00e9m 66055-090, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Collischonn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Hidr\u00e1ulicas (IPH), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1623\/hysj.48.6.857.51421","article-title":"IAHS Decade on Predictions in Ungauged Basins (PUB), 2003\u20132012: Shaping an exciting future for the hydrological sciences","volume":"48","author":"Sivapalan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hydrol. 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