{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T17:33:52Z","timestamp":1763141632401,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42090012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42090012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFA0600103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFA0600103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urban green spaces (UGSs) play a critical role in human thermal comfort, energy consumption and urban ecology. Although the heat mitigation capability of UGSs has been frequently reported, many of the current understandings are based on short-term observations, and the long-term temporal dynamics of UGS cooling effects are still lacking. This gap may cause over- or underestimation and largely ignores how the cooling effects change with climate change and urban growth. Accordingly, we used Landsat-based time series data to analyze the changes in permanent UGS greenness, surface-cooling effects and their biophysical responses in Beijing in the past 40 years (1984\u20132020). The results demonstrate segmented changes in UGS surface cooling that were mainly linked to the responses of canopy transpiration and albedo to vegetation conditions. During a rapid greening of UGSs in the recent two decades, transpiration cooling dominated albedo-induced warming to provide a discernable cooling enhancement. In addition, such enhancement showed seasonal differences ranging from less than 1 \u00b0C to more than 2 \u00b0C, and the most evident enhancement occurred on summer days (~2.4 \u00b0C) when vegetation is most needed to provide cooling. The highlighted dynamics of UGSs help urban planners better balance the maintenance costs and the environmental gains for UGS management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T09:58:06Z","timestamp":1629367086000},"page":"3282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Dynamic Cooling Effects of Permanent Urban Green Spaces in Beijing, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1493-4723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiacheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and Aerospace Information Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0155-6735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and Aerospace Information Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2708-9183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shunlin","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}]},{"given":"Haoyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6701-3864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naijing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and Aerospace Information Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Data Science, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4638-3743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donghai","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1080\/01426390802045996","article-title":"Provision of urban green spaces: Some insights from economics","volume":"33","author":"Choumert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Landsc. 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