{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T06:05:42Z","timestamp":1768457142739,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation (NSFC) of China","award":["#41930650"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#41930650"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Project of Beijing Municipal Education Commission","award":["KM202110016004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KM202110016004"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture","award":["X20047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X20047"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Identifying the driving factors of urban land surface temperatures (U-LSTs) is critical in improving urban thermal environments and in supporting the sustainable development of cities. Previous studies have demonstrated that two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) urban structure parameters (USPs) largely influence seasonal U-LSTs. However, the effects of 2D and 3D USPs on seasonal U-LSTs at different spatial scales still await a general explanation. In this study, we used very-high-resolution remotely sensed data to investigate how 2D and 3D USPs impact seasonal U-LSTs at different spatial scales (including pixel and city block scales). In addition, the influences of various functional zones on U-LSTs were analyzed. The results show that, (1) generally, the links between USPs and U-LSTs at the city block scale were more obvious than those at the pixel scale, e.g., the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between U-LST and the mean building height at the city block scale (summer: r = \u22120.156) was higher than that at the pixel scale (summer: r = \u22120.081). Tree percentage yielded a considerable cooling effect on summer U-LSTs on both the pixel (r = \u22120.199) and city block (r = \u22120.369) scales, and the effect was more obvious in regions with tall trees. (2) The independently total explained variances (R2) of 3D USPs on seasonal U-LSTs were considerably higher than those of 2D USPs in most urban functional zones (UFZs), suggesting the distinctive roles of 3D USPs in U-LST regulation at the local scale. Three-dimensional USPs (R2 value = 0.66) yielded more decisive influences on summer U-LSTs than 2D USPs did (R2 value = 0.48). (3) Manufacturing zones yielded the highest U-LST, followed by residential and commercial zones. Notably, it is found that the explained variances of the total study area for seasonal U-LSTs were significantly lower than those of each UFZ, suggesting the different roles of 2D and 3D USPs played in various UFZs and that it is critical to explain U-LST variations by using UFZs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T09:58:06Z","timestamp":1629367086000},"page":"3283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["How Do Two- and Three-Dimensional Urban Structures Impact Seasonal Land Surface Temperatures at Various Spatial Scales? A Case Study for the Northern Part of Brooklyn, New York, USA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1628-1882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics and Urban Spatial Informatics, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9164-5805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shisong","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics and Urban Spatial Informatics, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China"}]},{"given":"Mingyi","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics and Urban Spatial Informatics, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China"}]},{"given":"Deyong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}]},{"given":"You","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Natural Resources, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Manqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2712-9141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianghong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics and Urban Spatial Informatics, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China"}]},{"given":"Yuee","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Geographical Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Oke, R.T. 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