{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T21:18:06Z","timestamp":1776460686886,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101017861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101017861"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydrological modelling requires accurate climate data with high spatial-temporal resolution, which is often unavailable in certain parts of the world\u2014such as Central America. Numerous studies have previously demonstrated that in hydrological modelling, global weather reanalysis data provides a viable alternative to observed data. However, calibrating and validating models requires the use of observed discharge data, which is also frequently unavailable. Recent, global-scale applications have been developed based on weather data from reanalysis; these applications allow streamflows with satisfactory resolution to be obtained. An example is the Global Flood Awareness System (GloFAS), which uses the fifth generation of reanalysis data produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ERA5) as input. It provides discharge data from 1979 to the present with a resolution of 0.1\u00b0. This study assesses the potential of GloFAS for calibrating hydrological models in ungauged basins. For this purpose, the quality of data from ERA5 and from the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation and Temperature with Station as well as the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) was analysed. The focus was on flow simulation using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The models were calibrated using GloFAS discharge data. Our results indicate that all the reanalysis datasets displayed an acceptable fit with the observed precipitation and temperature data. The correlation coefficient (CC) between the reanalysis data and the observed data indicates a strong relationship at the monthly level all of the analysed stations (CC &gt; 0.80). The Kling\u2013Gupta Efficiency (KGE) also showed the acceptable performance of the calibrated SWAT models (KGE &gt; 0.74). We concluded that GloFAS data has substantial potential for calibrating hydrological models that estimate the monthly streamflow in ungauged watersheds. This approach can aid water resource management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]],"date-time":"2021-08-22T22:59:27Z","timestamp":1629673167000},"page":"3299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Evaluating the Potential of GloFAS-ERA5 River Discharge Reanalysis Data for Calibrating the SWAT Model in the Grande San Miguel River Basin (El Salvador)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1818-5811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Senent-Aparicio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica San Antonio de Murcia, Campus de Los Jer\u00f3nimos s\/n, 30107 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9465-2912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Blanco-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica San Antonio de Murcia, Campus de Los Jer\u00f3nimos s\/n, 30107 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6350-5653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"L\u00f3pez-Ballesteros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica San Antonio de Murcia, Campus de Los Jer\u00f3nimos s\/n, 30107 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4733-7236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Jimeno-S\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica San Antonio de Murcia, Campus de Los Jer\u00f3nimos s\/n, 30107 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2615-6076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio","family":"P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica San Antonio de Murcia, Campus de Los Jer\u00f3nimos s\/n, 30107 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Performance evaluation of SWAT model for land use and land cover changes under different climatic conditions: A review","volume":"6","author":"Kiros","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Waste Water Treat. Anal."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-014-0742-5","article-title":"Assessment of climate and land use change impacts with SWAT","volume":"15","author":"Krysanova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3800(01)00514-2","article-title":"Modelling land-use change for Central America, with special reference to the impact of hurricane mitch","volume":"149","author":"Kok","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2013.05.004","article-title":"Hydrological climate change projections for Central America","volume":"495","author":"Hidalgo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04017028","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001199","article-title":"Evaluation of variable-infiltration capacity model and modis-terra satellite-derived grid-scale evapotranspiration estimates in a river basin with tropical monsoon-type climatology","volume":"143","author":"Srivastava","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Irrig. Drain. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-019-02452-z","article-title":"Multi-Model approach to assess the dynamics of hydrologic components in a tropical ecosystem","volume":"34","author":"Srivastava","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2017.12.003","article-title":"Implementation of cell-to-cell routing scheme in a large scale conceptual hydrological model","volume":"101","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2014.10.032","article-title":"Application of the SWAT hydrologic model to a tropical watershed at Brazil","volume":"125","author":"Fukunaga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2020.100730","article-title":"Inter-comparison of lumped hydrological models in data-scarce watersheds using different precipitation forcing data sets: Case study of Northern Ontario, Canada","volume":"31","author":"Darbandsari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.1998.tb05961.x","article-title":"Large area hydrologic modeling and assessment part I: Model development","volume":"34","author":"Arnold","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAWRA J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-019-0282-4","article-title":"Global soil, landuse, evapotranspiration, historical and future weather databases for SWAT Applications","volume":"6","author":"Abbaspour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2005.11.041","article-title":"Comparison of satellite rainfall data with observations from gauging station networks","volume":"327","author":"Hughes","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.124660","article-title":"Effect of rainfall station density, distribution and missing values on SWAT outputs in tropical region","volume":"584","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhanesh, Y., Bindhu, V., Senent-Aparicio, J., Brighenti, T., Ayana, E., Smitha, P., Fei, C., and Srinivasan, R. (2020). A comparative evaluation of the performance of CHIRPS and CFSR data for different climate zones using the SWAT model. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12183088"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2019.124076","article-title":"Evaluating precipitation datasets for large-scale distributed hydrological modelling","volume":"578","author":"Mazzoleni","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125878","article-title":"Blending multi-satellite, atmospheric reanalysis and gauge precipitation products to facilitate hydrological modelling","volume":"593","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Usman, M., Ndehedehe, C.E., Ahmad, B., Manzanas, R., and Adeyeri, O.E. (2021). Modeling streamflow using multiple precipitation products in a topographically complex catchment. Model. Earth Syst. Environ., 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-021-01198-1"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, M.L., Gassman, P.W., and Cracknell, A.P. (2017). Assessment of three long-term gridded climate products for hydro-climatic simulations in tropical river basins. Water, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/w9030229"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00122.1","article-title":"Aphrodite: Constructing a long-term daily gridded precipitation dataset for Asia based on a dense network of rain gauges","volume":"93","author":"Yatagai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1175\/2010BAMS3001.1","article-title":"The NCEP climate forecast system reanalysis","volume":"91","author":"Saha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2018.12.026","article-title":"Hydrological evaluation of open-access precipitation and air temperature datasets using SWAT in a poorly gauged basin in Ethiopia","volume":"569","author":"Duan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150066","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2015.66","article-title":"The climate hazards infrared precipitation with stations\u2014A new environmental record for monitoring extremes","volume":"2","author":"Funk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2021.100826","article-title":"Impacts of SWAT weather generator statistics from high-resolution datasets on monthly streamflow simulation over Peninsular Spain","volume":"35","author":"Cecilia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-00643-7","article-title":"Development and validation of the chirts-daily quasi-global high-resolution daily temperature data set","volume":"7","author":"Verdin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3803","article-title":"The ERA5 global reanalysis","volume":"146","author":"Hersbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-24-2527-2020","article-title":"Evaluation of the ERA5 reanalysis as a potential reference dataset for hydrological modelling over North America","volume":"24","author":"Tarek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105121","article-title":"Evaluation and integration of reanalysis rainfall products under contrasting climatic conditions in India","volume":"246","author":"Kolluru","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125660","article-title":"Evaluation of the ERA5 reanalysis precipitation 45dataset over Chinese Mainland","volume":"595","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.10.022","article-title":"Filling the gaps: Calibrating a rainfall-runoff model using satellite-derived surface water extent","volume":"171","author":"Beck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-12-2043-2020","article-title":"GloFAS-ERA5 operational global river discharge reanalysis 1979\u2013present","volume":"12","author":"Harrigan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghiggi, G., Humphrey, V., Seneviratne, S.I., and Gudmundsson, L. (2021). G-RUN ensemble: A multi-forcing observation-based global runoff reanalysis. Water Resour. Res., 57.","DOI":"10.1029\/2020WR028787"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E508","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-18-0269.1","article-title":"A global drought and flood catalogue from 1950 to 2016","volume":"101","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.7808","article-title":"A revised land hydrology in the ECMWF model: A step towards daily water flux prediction in a fully-closed water cycle","volume":"25","author":"Balsamo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810802549154","article-title":"LISFLOOD: A GIS-based distributed model for river basin scale water balance and flood simulation","volume":"24","author":"Younis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"100049","article-title":"A global streamflow reanalysis for 1980\u20132018","volume":"6","author":"Alfieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. X"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanco-G\u00f3mez, P., Jimeno-S\u00e1ez, P., Senent-Aparicio, J., and P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez, J. (2019). Impact of climate change on water balance components and droughts in the Guajoyo River Basin (El Salvador). Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11112360"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148915","article-title":"A review of alternative climate products for SWAT modelling: Sources, assessment and future directions","volume":"795","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2019.00171","article-title":"Evaluation of available global runoff datasets through a river model in support of transboundary water management in South and Southeast Asia","volume":"7","author":"Sikder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-019-2190-y","article-title":"Evaluation of global water resources reanalysis runoff products for local water resources applications: Case study-upper blue Nile basin of Ethiopia","volume":"34","author":"Lakew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2018.07.014","article-title":"Input uncertainty on watershed modeling_ evaluation of precipitation and air temperature data by latent variables using SWAT","volume":"122","author":"Yen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2021, July 11). MARN Plan Nacional de Gesti\u00f3n Integrada Del Recurso H\u00eddrico de El Salvador, Con \u00c9nfasis En Zonas Prioritarias. Minist. De Medio Ambiente Y Recur. Nat., Available online: https:\/\/cidoc.marn.gob.sv\/documentos\/plan-nacional-de-gestion-integrada-del-recurso-hidrico-de-el-salvador-con-enfasis-en-zonas-prioritarias\/."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/02626667009493953","article-title":"Hydrological analysis of volcanic terrane: Lower basin of the rio grande de san miguel el salvador","volume":"15","author":"Wozab","year":"1970","journal-title":"Int. Assoc. Sci. Hydrol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100293-3.00003-0","article-title":"Geology and mineralogy of imogolite-type materials","volume":"Volume 7","author":"Levard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Developments in Clay Science"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-12-00823.1","article-title":"The NCEP climate forecast system version 2","volume":"27","author":"Saha","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1623\/hysj.53.5.939","article-title":"Advances in ecohydrological modelling with SWAT\u2014A review","volume":"53","author":"Krysanova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senent-Aparicio, J., Alcal\u00e1, F.J., Liu, S., and Jimeno-S\u00e1ez, P. (2020). Coupling SWAT model and CMB method for modeling of high-permeability bedrock basins receiving inter basin groundwater flow. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12030657"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasir, M., Hu, T., and Hakeem, S.A. (2021). Impending hydrological regime of lhasa river as subjected to hydraulic interventions\u2014a SWAT model manifestation. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13071382"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senent-Aparicio, J., Liu, S., P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez, J., L\u00f3pez-Ballesteros, A., and Jimeno-S\u00e1ez, P. (2018). Assessing impacts of climate variability and reforestation activities on water resources in the headwaters of the Segura River Basin (SE Spain). Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10093277"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.09.124","article-title":"Hydrological responses to land use\/cover changes in the source region of the upper blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia","volume":"575","author":"Woldesenbet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.11098","article-title":"Identifying separate impacts of climate and land use\/cover change on hydrological processes in upper stream of Heihe River, Northwest China","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139299","article-title":"Assessment of future hydrologic alteration due to climate change in the Aracthos River basin (NW Greece)","volume":"733","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senent-Aparicio, J., P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez, J., Carrillo-Garc\u00eda, J., and Soto, J. (2017). Using SWAT and Fuzzy TOPSIS to assess the impact of climate change in the headwaters of the Segura River Basin (SE Spain). Water, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/w9020149"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aznarez, C., Jimeno-S\u00e1ez, P., L\u00f3pez-Ballesteros, A., Pacheco, J., and Senent-Aparicio, J. (2021). Analysing the impact of climate change on hydrological ecosystem services in Laguna del Sauce (Uruguay) using the SWAT model and remote sensing data. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13102014"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2016.08.004","article-title":"Introducing a new open source GIS user interface for the SWAT model","volume":"85","author":"Dile","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Neitsch, S.L., Arnold, J.G., Kiniry, J.R., and Williams, J.R. (2011). Soil and Water Assessment Tool Theoretical Documentation Version 2009, Texas Water Resources Institute."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9437(1994)120:6(1132)","article-title":"Defining and using reference evapotranspiration","volume":"120","author":"Hargreaves","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Irrig. Drain. Eng."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Abbaspour, K.C. (2007). User Manual for SWAT-Cup, SWAT Calibration and Uncertainty Analysis Programs, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.124820","article-title":"Adequacy of satellite-derived precipitation estimate for hydrological modeling in Vietnam Basins","volume":"586","author":"Le","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2018.08.021","article-title":"Statistical and hydrological evaluation of the latest Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) over a midlatitude humid basin in South China","volume":"214","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jimeno-S\u00e1ez, P., Senent-Aparicio, J., P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez, J., and Pulido-Velazquez, D. (2018). A comparison of SWAT and ANN models for daily runoff simulation in different climatic zones of Peninsular Spain. Water, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/w10020192"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.23153","article-title":"Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations","volume":"50","author":"Moriasi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans. ASABE"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2018.11.007","article-title":"Two calibration methods for modeling streamflow and suspended sediment with the SWAT model","volume":"127","author":"Brighenti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JHM859.1","article-title":"Multitemporal Analysis of TRMM-based satellite precipitation products for land data assimilation applications","volume":"8","author":"Tian","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1999)012<1577:TMDOMA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The midsummer drought over Mexico and Central America","volume":"12","author":"Amador","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.1998.tb00952.x","article-title":"Hydrologic calibration of the SWAT model in a watershed containing fragipan soils","volume":"34","author":"Peterson","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAWRA J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2006.09.014","article-title":"Modelling hydrology and water quality in the pre-alpine\/alpine Thur watershed using SWAT","volume":"333","author":"Abbaspour","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(99)00139-0","article-title":"Regional estimation of base flow and groundwater recharge in the Upper Mississippi river basin","volume":"227","author":"Arnold","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109330","article-title":"Assessing the vulnerability of water resources in the context of climate changes in a small forested watershed using SWAT: A review","volume":"184","author":"Marin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.2166\/nh.2018.222","article-title":"Hydrological simulation in a tropical humid basin in the Cerrado biome using the SWAT model","volume":"49","author":"Dantas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hydrol. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Murillo, R., Esquivel-Hern\u00e1ndez, G., Corrales-Salazar, L., Castro-Chac\u00f3n, L., Dur\u00e1n-Quesada, A., Guerrero-Hern\u00e1ndez, M., Delgado, V., Barberena, J., Montenegro-Rayo, K., and Calder\u00f3n, H. (2020). Tracer hydrology of the data-scarce and heterogeneous Central American Isthmus. Hydrol. Process., 2660\u20132675.","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.13758"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2018.10.007","article-title":"Efficient flow calibration method for accurate estimation of baseflow using a watershed scale hydrological model (SWAT)","volume":"125","author":"Jang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2019.03.005","article-title":"High accuracy of precipitation reanalyses resulted in good river discharge simulations in a semi-arid basin","volume":"131","author":"Eini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/16\/3299\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:48:06Z","timestamp":1760165286000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/16\/3299"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13163299"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13163299","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]}}}