{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T11:14:50Z","timestamp":1784632490886,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation in Shaanxi Province of China","award":["2019JM-457"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019JM-457"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32071590"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32071590"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31961143011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31961143011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDB40020205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB40020205"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Team of Shaanxi Province in China","award":["2021TD-52"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021TD-52"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Major Theoretical and Practical Program","award":["20ST-106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20ST-106"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["xzy012019011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["xzy012019011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The vegetation coverage on the Loess Plateau (LP) of China has clearly increased since the implementation of the Grain for Green Project in 1999, but there is a debate about whether the improved greenness was achieved at the expense of the balance between the supply and demand of water resources. Therefore, developing reliable indicators to evaluate the water availability is a prerequisite for maintaining ecological sustainability and ensuring the persistence of vegetation restoration. This study was designed to evaluate water availability on the LP during 2000\u20132015, using the evaporative stress index (ESI) derived from a remote sensing dataset. The relative dependences of the ESI on climatic and biological factors (including temperature, precipitation and land cover change) were also analyzed. The results showed that the leaf area index (LAI) in most regions of the LP showed a significant increasing trend (p &lt; 0.05), and larger gradients of increase were mainly detected in the central and eastern parts of the LP. The evapotranspiration also exhibited an increasing trend in the central and eastern parts of the LP, with a gradient greater than 10 mm\/year. However, almost the whole LP exhibited a decreased ESI from 2000 to 2015, and the largest decrease occurred on the central and eastern LP, indicating a wetting trend. The soil moisture storage in the 0\u2013289-cm soil profiles showed an increasing trend in the central and eastern LP, and the area with an upward trend enlarged with the soil depth. Further analysis revealed that the decreased ESI on the central and eastern LP mainly depended on the increase in the LAI compared with climatic influences. This work not only demonstrated that the ESI was a useful indicator for understanding the water availability in natural and managed ecosystems under climate change but also indicated that vegetation restoration might have a positive effect on water conservation on the central LP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]],"date-time":"2021-08-22T22:59:27Z","timestamp":1629673167000},"page":"3302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Water Availability on the Chinese Loess Plateau since the Implementation of the Grain for Green Project as Indicated by the Evaporative Stress Index"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7250-5698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linjing","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Science, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Science, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5163-0884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Science, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyue","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Science, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoyang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Science, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihong","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fubo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Science, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenke","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water and Environment, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107780","article-title":"Contributions of vegetation restoration and climate change to spatiotemporal variation in the energy budget in the Loess Plateau of China","volume":"127","author":"Qiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. 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