{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:59:07Z","timestamp":1772240347400,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51979024, 51879116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51979024, 51879116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFE0197600, 2019VMA0043, 2018YFA0605901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0197600, 2019VMA0043, 2018YFA0605901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering","award":["SKLFSE201604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLFSE201604"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DUT20GJ206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DUT20GJ206"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ice surface albedo is an important factor in various optical remote sensing technologies used to determine the distribution of snow or melt water on the ice, and to judge the formation or melting of lake ice in winter, especially in cold and arid areas. In this study, field measurements were conducted at Wuliangsuhai Lake, a typical lake in the semi-arid cold area of China, to investigate the diurnal variation of the ice surface albedo. Observations showed that the diurnal variations of the ice surface albedo exhibit bimodal characteristics with peaks occurring after sunrise and before sunset. The curve of ice surface albedo with time is affected by weather conditions. The first peak occurs later on cloudy days compared with sunny days, whereas the second peak appears earlier on cloudy days. Four probability density distribution functions\u2014Laplace, Gauss, Gumbel, and Cauchy\u2014were combined linearly to model the daily variation of the lake ice albedo on a sunny day. The simulations of diurnal variation in the albedo during the period from sunrise to sunset with a solar altitude angle higher than 5\u00b0 indicate that the Laplace combination is the optimal statistical model. The Laplace combination can not only describe the bimodal characteristic of the diurnal albedo cycle when the solar altitude angle is higher than 5\u00b0, but also reflect the U-shaped distribution of the diurnal albedo as the solar altitude angle exceeds 15\u00b0. The scale of the model is about half the length of the day, and the position of the two peaks is closely related to the moment of sunrise, which reflects the asymmetry of the two peaks of the ice surface albedo. This study provides a basis for the development of parameterization schemes of diurnal variation of lake ice albedo in semi-arid cold regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T10:24:17Z","timestamp":1629714257000},"page":"3334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Diurnal Cycle Model of Lake Ice Surface Albedo: A Case Study of Wuliangsuhai Lake"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zhijun","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China"}]},{"given":"Qingkai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China"}]},{"given":"Mingguang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4651-6251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4754-5564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matti","family":"Lepp\u00e4ranta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric and Earth Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3208-8863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jussi","family":"Huotari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Lammi Biological Station, University Helsinki, 16900 Lammi, Finland"}]},{"given":"Lauri","family":"Arvola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Lammi Biological Station, University Helsinki, 16900 Lammi, Finland"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6133","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70506133","article-title":"Ice freeze-up and break-up detection of shallow lakes in Northern Alaska with spaceborne SAR","volume":"7","author":"Surdu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1111\/fwb.13363","article-title":"Under-ice metabolism in a shallow lake in a cold and arid climate","volume":"64","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Freshw. 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