{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T14:41:46Z","timestamp":1775486506946,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003802","name":"University Research Committee, University of Hong Kong","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["104005930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104005930"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003802","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Land-use\/land cover change (LUCC) is an important problem in developing and under-developing countries with regard to global climatic changes and urban morphological distribution. Since the 1900s, urbanization has become an underlying cause of LUCC, and more than 55% of the world\u2019s population resides in cities. The speedy growth, development and expansion of urban centers, rapid inhabitant\u2019s growth, land insufficiency, the necessity for more manufacture, advancement of technologies remain among the several drivers of LUCC around the globe at present. In this study, the urban expansion or sprawl, together with spatial dynamics of Hyderabad, Pakistan over the last four decades were investigated and reviewed, based on remotely sensed Landsat images from 1979 to 2020. In particular, radiometric and atmospheric corrections were applied to these raw images, then the Gaussian-based Radial Basis Function (RBF) kernel was used for training, within the 10-fold support vector machine (SVM) supervised classification framework. After spatial LUCC maps were retrieved, different metrics like Producer\u2019s Accuracy (PA), User\u2019s Accuracy (UA) and KAPPA coefficient (KC) were adopted for spatial accuracy assessment to ensure the reliability of the proposed satellite-based retrieval mechanism. Landsat-derived results showed that there was an increase in the amount of built-up area and a decrease in vegetation and agricultural lands. Built-up area in 1979 only covered 30.69% of the total area, while it has increased and reached 65.04% after four decades. In contrast, continuous reduction of agricultural land, vegetation, waterbody, and barren land was observed. Overall, throughout the four-decade period, the portions of agricultural land, vegetation, waterbody, and barren land have decreased by 13.74%, 46.41%, 49.64% and 85.27%, respectively. These remotely observed changes highlight and symbolize the spatial characteristics of \u201crural to urban transition\u201d and socioeconomic development within a modernized city, Hyderabad, which open new windows for detecting potential land-use changes and laying down feasible future urban development and planning strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T10:24:17Z","timestamp":1629714257000},"page":"3337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Retrieval of Land-Use\/Land Cover Change (LUCC) Maps and Urban Expansion Dynamics of Hyderabad, Pakistan via Landsat Datasets and Support Vector Machine Framework"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shaker","family":"Ul Din","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and GIS, Lanzhou University, 222 Tian Shui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7033-6218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo Wai Leung","family":"Mak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progress.2011.04.001","article-title":"The dimensions of global urban expansion: Estimates and projections for all countries, 2000\u20132050","volume":"75","author":"Angel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. 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