{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T06:11:49Z","timestamp":1781849509274,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The project was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China","award":["2020LH04003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020LH04003"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41807507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41807507"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61631011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61631011"]}]},{"name":"High-level introduction of talent research start-up fund in Inner Mongolia Normal University","award":["2018YJRC008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YJRC008"]}]},{"name":"High-level introduction of talent research start-up fund in Inner Mongolia Normal University","award":["2019YJRC003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YJRC003"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013147","name":"Research Program of science and technology at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NJZY21542"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJZY21542"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013147","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Special Fund of Inner Mongolia Autonomous region for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements","award":["2019GG015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019GG015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inner Mongolia in China is a typically arid and semi-arid region with vegetation prominently affected by global warming and human activities. Therefore, investigating the past and future vegetation change and its impact mechanism is important for assessing the stability of the ecosystem and the ecological policy formulation. Vegetation changes, sustainability characteristics, and the mechanism of natural and anthropogenic effects in Inner Mongolia during 2000\u20132019 were examined using moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data. Theil\u2013Sen trend analysis, Mann\u2013Kendall method, and the coefficient of variation method were used to analyze the spatiotemporal variability characteristics and sustained stability of the NDVI. Furthermore, a trend estimation method based on a Seasonal Trend Model (STM), and the Hurst index was used to analyze breakpoints and change trends, and predict the likely future direction of vegetation, respectively. Additionally, the mechanisms of the compound influence of natural and anthropogenic activities on the vegetation dynamics in Inner Mongolia were explored using a Geodetector Model. The results show that the NDVI of Inner Mongolia shows an upward trend with a rate of 0.0028\/year (p &lt; 0.05) from 2000 to 2019. Spatially, the NDVI values showed a decreasing trend from the northeast to the southwest, and the interannual variation fluctuated widely, with coefficients of variation greater than 0.15, for which the high-value areas were in the territory of the Alxa League. The areas with increased, decreased, and stable vegetation patterns were approximately equal in size, in which the improved areas were mainly distributed in the northeastern part of Inner Mongolia, the stable and unchanged areas were mostly in the desert, and the degraded areas were mainly in the central-eastern part of Inner Mongolia, it shows a trend of progressive degradation from east to west. Breakpoints in the vegetation dynamics occurred mainly in the northwestern part of Inner Mongolia and the northeastern part of Hulunbuir, most of which occurred during 2011\u20132014. The future NDVI trend in Inner Mongolia shows an increasing trend in most areas, with only approximately 10% of the areas showing a decreasing trend. Considering the drivers of the NDVI, we observed annual precipitation, soil type, mean annual temperature, and land use type to be the main driving factors in Inner Mongolia. Annual precipitation was the first dominant factor, and when these four dominant factors interacted to influence vegetation change, they all showed interactive enhancement relationships. The results of this study will assist in understanding the influence of natural elements and human activities on vegetation changes and their driving mechanisms, while providing a scientific basis for the rational and effective protection of the ecological environment in Inner Mongolia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13173357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T22:09:39Z","timestamp":1629842979000},"page":"3357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Monitoring Vegetation Change and Its Potential Drivers in Inner Mongolia from 2000 to 2019"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yao","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographical Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Disaster and Ecological Security on the Mongolian Plateau, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1175-8207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enliang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographical Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Disaster and Ecological Security on the Mongolian Plateau, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongfang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographical Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Disaster and Ecological Security on the Mongolian Plateau, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulong","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographical Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Disaster and Ecological Security on the Mongolian Plateau, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhai","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographical Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naren","family":"Mandula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographical Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Disaster and Ecological Security on the Mongolian Plateau, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, E.L., Wang, Y.F., Wang, C.L., Sun, Z.Y., Bao, Y.L., Naren, M.D.L., Buren, J.R.G.L., Bao, Y.H., and Li, H. 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