{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T17:06:24Z","timestamp":1772816784388,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41731287, 41877279, 41941017, 42007280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41731287, 41877279, 41941017, 42007280"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"China Geological Survey Project","award":["DD20190319\uff0cDZLXJK202009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DD20190319\uff0cDZLXJK202009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The geohazards associated with strongly deformed and reactivated large-scale ancient landslide are analyzed through a study of the Xiongba ancient landslide. The SBAS-InSAR method, combined with remote sensing interpretation, was used to obtain the Xiongba ancient landslide surface deformation characteristics, on the western bank of the Jinsha River, during the period from October 2017 to June 2020. Two large strong deformation zones were discovered in this study, H1 and H2, which were located at the front edge of the Xiongba landslide. The maximum cumulative deformation in the H1 deformation zone was approximately 204 mm, and the deformation in the H2 deformation zone was approximately 302 mm. Influenced by the Jinsha River erosion, the Baige landslide-dammed lake-dam breakage-debris (LDLDB) flow\/flood hazard chains, which occurred 75 km upstream reaches in October and November 2018, and the erosion of the foot of the Xiongba ancient landslide foot resulted in notably enhanced deformation. The creep rate in the H1 deformation zone was 14~16 times that before the Baige landslide hazard chains occurred, and the hazard chains caused sliding in the H2 zone. The Xiongba ancient landslide is undergoing retrogressive reactivation. The Xiongba ancient landslide is currently experiencing continuously creep-sliding, and the deformation rate in some areas is accelerating, which may induce a large-scale reactivation of the Xiongba ancient landslide and an LDLDB hazard chain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13173365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T23:25:50Z","timestamp":1629933950000},"page":"3365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Study on the Creep-Sliding Mechanism of the Giant Xiongba Ancient Landslide Based on the SBAS-InSAR Method, Tibetan Plateau, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1764-9792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changbao","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Active Tectonics and Geo-Safety, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Yiqiu","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Yongshuang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geosciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China"}]},{"given":"Xujiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Yueze","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Active Tectonics and Geo-Safety, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Zhihua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Active Tectonics and Geo-Safety, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Ruian","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Active Tectonics and Geo-Safety, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"Coupling of earth\u2019s endogenic and exogenic geological processes and origins on serious geological disasters","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"443","article-title":"Mechanism of large scale landslides in western China","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"877","article-title":"Discussion on the environmental and engineering geological problems along the Sichuan Tibet Railway and its adjacent area","volume":"31","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geoscience"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"728","article-title":"Research progress and prospect on reactivation of ancient landslides","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, S., Xu, C., Shao, X., Xu, X., and Liu, A. (2021). A Large Old Landslide in Sichuan Province, China: Surface Displacement Monitoring and Potential Instability Assessment. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13132552"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"568","article-title":"Formation mechanism and back analysis of paleoseismic parameters of the Temi large-scale ancient landslide in the upper Jinsha River","volume":"38","author":"Long","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earthq. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2020.107351","article-title":"Identification of ancient river-blocking events and analysis of the mechanisms for the formation of landslide dams in the Suwalong section of the upper Jinsha River, SE Tibetan Plateau","volume":"368","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"129","article-title":"Study on successive landslide damming events of Jinsha River in Baige village on Octorber 11 and November 3, 2018","volume":"26","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"9","article-title":"Analysis on the formation mechanism and process of Baige landslides damming the upper reach of Jinsha River, China","volume":"51","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"5","article-title":"Researches on the Baige landslide at Jinshajiang River, Tibet, China","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Chinese, J. Geol. Hazard Control"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1062","article-title":"Study on Current Activity Feature of Jinshajiang Fault Zone Based on GPS and Small Earthquakes","volume":"40","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geod. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"47","article-title":"Development characteristics and formation mechanism of the Xiongba giant ancient landsilde in the Jinshajiang tectonic zone","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geoscience"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1324","article-title":"Characteristics and formation mechanisms of the Lagangcun giant ancient landslide in Jiacha, Tibet","volume":"92","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Geol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"605","article-title":"Research on typical geomechanical model of high-position landslides on the Sichuan-Tibet traffic corridor","volume":"95","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Geol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-1951(96)00047-9","article-title":"Observation and modeling of the Saint-Etienne-de-Tinee landslide using SAR interferometry-ScienceDirect","volume":"265","author":"Fruneau","year":"1996","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/36.898661","article-title":"Permanent scatterers in SAR interferometry","volume":"39","author":"Ferretti","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.803792","article-title":"A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms","volume":"40","author":"Berardino","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.810675","article-title":"A least squares database approach for SAR interferometric data","volume":"41","author":"Usai","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-003-0255-3","article-title":"Adaptive management of flows in the lower Roanoke River, North Carolina, USA","volume":"35","author":"Pearsall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3355","DOI":"10.3390\/s8053355","article-title":"Optical Remote Sensing of Glacier Characteristics: A Review with Focus on the Himalaya","volume":"8","author":"Racoviteanu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giordan, D., Allasia, P., Dematteis, N., Dell\u2019Anese, F., Vagliasindi, M., and Motta, E. (2016). A Low-Cost Optical Remote Sensing Application for Glacier Deformation Monitoring in an Alpine Environment. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16101750"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"14","article-title":"A study of surface deformation monitoring using differential SAR interferometry technique and an analysis of its key problems","volume":"4","author":"Ge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Land Resour."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"545","article-title":"InSAR-based method for early recognition of ancient landslide reactivation in Dadu River, China","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2014.02.005","article-title":"Resolving three-dimensional surface displacements from InSAR measurements: A review","volume":"133","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aslan, G., Foumelis, M., Raucoules, D., Michele, M.D., Bernardie, S., and Cakir, Z. (2021). Landslide mapping and monitoring using persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) technique in the French Alps. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12081305"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge, D., Zhang, L., Li, M., Liu, B., and Yan, W. (2016, January 10\u201315). Beijing subway tunnelings and high-speed railway subsidence monitoring with PSInSAR and TerraSAR-X data. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2016.7730796"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1694","article-title":"InSAR-based recognition of slow-moving slop disasters along the Xianshuihe active fault in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"91","author":"Yao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Geol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"215","article-title":"Monitoring of surface deformation in Dangxiong using PSInSAR technique","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geod."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"103","article-title":"Seasonal subsidence\u2014Rebound and ground water level changes monitoring by using coherent target InSAR technique: A case study of Dezhou, Shandong","volume":"26","author":"Ge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Land Resour."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"70","article-title":"Deformation monitoring of ground fissure with SAR interferometry in Qingxu, Shanxi Province","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"232","article-title":"Tectonic deformation study of Nov.25, 2016 Mw6.6 earthquake in west Kunlun mountain based on InSAR technology","volume":"92","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Geol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"43","article-title":"Ground surface changes detectable by earth observation and their impact on the stability of slopes","volume":"15","author":"Gostelow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pol. Geol. Inst. Spec. Pap."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1098821","article-title":"Dynamics of slow-moving landslides from permanent scatterer analysis","volume":"304","author":"Hilley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1342","article-title":"Early detection of landslides in the upstream and downstream areas of the Baige landslide, the Jinsha River based on optical remote sensing and InSAR technologies","volume":"44","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Wuhan Univ."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"165","article-title":"Applicability of SAR interferometry for operational monitoring of landslides","volume":"383","author":"Achache","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Second. ERS Appl. Workshop."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"18","article-title":"The characteristic analysis of D-InSAR data for landslides monitoring in alpine and canyon region","volume":"4","author":"Xie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surv. Mapp. Bull."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.09.020","article-title":"Multi-sensor advanced DInSAR monitoring of very slow landslides: The Tena valley case study (Central S panish Pyrenees)","volume":"128","author":"Herrera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-016-0722-6","article-title":"Combined use of statistical and D-InSAR data analyses to define the state of activity of slow-moving landslides","volume":"14","author":"Calvello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge, D., Wang, Y., Zhang, L., Zhang, X., Yan, D., and Man, L. (2011, January 24\u201329). Integrating corner reflectors and PSInSAR technique to monitor regional land subsidence. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2011.6049541"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"416","article-title":"Land subsidence monitoring in Tianjin with PS-InSAR technique based on Sentinel -1 data","volume":"35","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Usai, S. (2001). A New Approach for Long Term Monitoring of Deformations by Differential SAR Interferometry, Delft University of Tech."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1452","article-title":"Monitoring land deformation using PSInSAR with TerraSAR-X high resolution spotlight SAR images","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Wuhan Univ."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"994","article-title":"Landslides detection using InSAR technology, a cast study in Zhouqu County, Gansu Province, China","volume":"46","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geomat. Inf. Sci. Wuhan Univ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7547","DOI":"10.1029\/96JB03804","article-title":"Atmospheric effects in interferometric synthetic aperture radar surface deformation and topographic maps","volume":"102","author":"Zebker","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1476","article-title":"Investigation of the seasonal oscillation of the permafrost over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with SBAS-InSAR algorithm","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Hu, L.Y., Zhang, J.F., and Shang, X.Q. (2010). SBAS-InSAR Technology and its application in monitoring the crustal deformation. Bull. Inst. Crustal Dyn., 82\u201389. (In Chinese with English abstract)."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1374","article-title":"Land subsidence in Beijing city from InSAR time series analysis with small baseline subset","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Wuhan Univ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.09.009","article-title":"Monitoring activity at the Daguangbao mega-landslide (China) using Sentinel-1 TOPS time series interferometry","volume":"186","author":"Dai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8040313","article-title":"Ongoing deformation of Sinkholes in Wink, Texas, observed by time-series Sentinel-1A SAR interferometry (Preliminary Results)","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2014.03.003","article-title":"Investigating landslides and unstable slopes with satellite Multi Temporal Interferometry: Current issues and future perspectives","volume":"174","author":"Wasowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Wen, H. (2015). Study on Landslide Recognition in Minjiang Basin Based on MTI Technology, Nanjing Normal University. (In Chinese with English abstract)."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"384","article-title":"Deformation analysis of Woda village old landslide in Jinsha river basin using SBAS-InSAR technology","volume":"28","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"8","article-title":"The activity characteristics and movement style of Qianjiangping Landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir region","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geol. Hazard Control"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Wang, J.P. (2016). Resaerch on formation mechanism and motion characteristics of Lamuajue landslide in Meigu county. Sichuan: Chengdu Univ. Technol., (In Chinese with English abstract)."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"225","article-title":"A hazard-chain of landslide-collapse-debris flow-river stoppage in Wulong county, Sichuan province on April 30, 1994","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mt. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"688","article-title":"Instability mechanism and mitigation countermeasures of long run-out landslide at high location in Jinshajiang suture: A case study of the Sela Landslide in Jinsha River, Tibet","volume":"43","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"8","article-title":"Study on characteristics and disaster reduction of giant landslides on Bomi-Yigong Expressway in Tibet","volume":"4","author":"Yin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"11","article-title":"Study on the characteristics of huge scale-super highspeed-long distance landslide chain in Yigong, Tibet","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geol. Hazard Control"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"87","article-title":"Analysis of satellite image characters of severe storm rainfall during the flood of Yangtze River in 1998","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Pekin."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"321","article-title":"Extraordinary mountain slide in Yigong of Xizang and its measures for disaster mitigation","volume":"10","author":"Wan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"107","article-title":"Discussion on the occurrence of Yigong landslide in Tibet","volume":"28","author":"Lv","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ear. Sci. J. Chin. Uni. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"286","article-title":"Analysis on Baige landslide and barrier lake flood disasters in Jinsha River","volume":"40","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Disaster Prev. Mitig. Eng."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/17\/3365\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:51:17Z","timestamp":1760165477000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/17\/3365"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13173365"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13173365","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]}}}