{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T04:24:28Z","timestamp":1769833468814,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1866153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1866153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Remote sensing holds great potential for detecting stress in vegetation caused by hydrocarbons, but we need to better understand the effects of hydrocarbons on plant growth and specific spectral expression. Willow (Salix viminalis var. Tora) cuttings and maize (Zea mays var. Lapriora) seedlings were grown in pots of loam soil containing a hydrocarbon-contaminated layer at the base of the pot (crude or refined oil) at concentrations of 0.5, 5, or 50 g\u00b7kg\u22121. Chlorophyll concentration, biomass, and growth of plants were determined through destructive and nondestructive sampling, whilst reflectance measurements were made using portable hyperspectral spectrometers. All biophysical (chlorophyll concentration and growth) variables decreased in the presence of high concentrations of hydrocarbons, but at lower concentrations an increase in growth and chlorophyll were often observed with respect to nonpolluted plants, suggesting a biphasic response to hydrocarbon presence. Absorption features were identified that related strongly to pigment concentration and biomass. Variations in absorption feature characteristics (band depth, band area, and band width) were dependent upon the hydrocarbon concentration and type, and showed the same biphasic pattern noted in the biophysical measurements. This study demonstrates that the response of plants to hydrocarbon pollution varies according to hydrocarbon concentration and that remote sensing has the potential to both detect and monitor the variable impacts of pollution in the landscape.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13173376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T23:25:50Z","timestamp":1629933950000},"page":"3376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Spectral and Growth Characteristics of Willows and Maize in Soil Contaminated with a Layer of Crude or Refined Oil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Raquel","family":"Serrano-Calvo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Geography, School of Social Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3893-1068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark E. J.","family":"Cutler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geography, School of Social Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK"}]},{"given":"Anthony Glyn","family":"Bengough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK"},{"name":"The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie DD2 5DA, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3733","DOI":"10.3390\/s8063733","article-title":"A spatial-spectral approach for visualization of vegetation stress resulting from pipeline leakage","volume":"8","author":"Jansma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Fingars, M. (2011). Spill occurrences: A world overview. 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