{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T13:47:41Z","timestamp":1767707261916,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Steel-concrete composite (SCC) beams are widely employed in bridge decks. The interfacial shear transfer between the top concrete slab and the supporting steel beams significantly affects the overall load carrying capacity and performance of a bridge deck. The inaccessibility of the connection system makes the visual inspection difficult, and the traditional vibration-based methods are insensitive to this type of local damage. In this study, a novel interlayer slip monitoring system has been developed for interfacial condition assessment of SCC beams. The monitoring system is mainly based on the Ultra-flat Industrial Potentiometer Membrane (UIPM). The sensor film that is glued on a steel base is mounted on the concrete slab, and the wiper is installed on the steel beam. The interlayer slip between the concrete slab and steel beam is monitored by the relative displacement between the sensor film and the wiper. An experimental study has been carried out on a 6-m long composite bridge model in the laboratory. In the model, the concrete slab and the steel beams are bolt-connected, and the bolts could be loosened to simulate the defects in the shear connection system. Seven slip sensors are evenly installed along the bridge model. The sensors are calibrated using the testing machine before they are installed on the bridge model. Three damage scenarios are simulated by loosening bolts at different locations. Different loadings are also applied on the bridge to simulate the operational conditions. Undamaged and damaged scenarios have been considered within load increments, and data are collected and interpreted to find out how the slip changes. The results show that this system is reliable and efficient to monitor the interlayer slip for assessing the interface condition of composite structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13173377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T23:25:50Z","timestamp":1629933950000},"page":"3377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Novel Slip Sensory System for Interfacial Condition Monitoring of Steel-Concrete Composite Bridges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Faraz","family":"Sadeghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia"}]},{"given":"Xinqun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia"}]},{"given":"Jianchun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Rashidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infrastructure Engineering, School of Engineering, Design and Built Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04020073","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002535","article-title":"Review of Bridge Structural Health Monitoring Aided by Big Data and Artificial Intelligence: From Condition Assessment to Damage Detection","volume":"146","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042015","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219455420420158","article-title":"A steel-concrete composite beam element for structural damage identification","volume":"20","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Struct. Stab. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rashidi, M., Ghodrat, M., Samali, B., Kendall, B., and Zhang, C. (2017). Remedial modelling of steel bridges through application of analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Appl. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/app7020168"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noori Hoshyar, A., Rashidi, M., Liyanapathirana, R., and Samali, B. (2019). Algorithm Development for the non-destructive testing of structural damage. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9142810"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"51","article-title":"Structural monitoring and identification of civil infrastructure in the United States","volume":"3","author":"Nagarajaiah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Struct. Monit. Maint."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/0263-8223(90)90010-C","article-title":"Free vibration of composite beams including rotary inertia and shear deformation","volume":"14","author":"Chandrashekhara","year":"1990","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:4(495)","article-title":"Steel\u2013concrete composite beams considering shear slip effects","volume":"129","author":"Nie","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2006)132:1(13)","article-title":"Long-term behavior of timber\u2013concrete composite beams. I: Finite element modeling and validation","volume":"132","author":"Fragiacomo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:10(1553)","article-title":"Investigation of notched composite wood\u2013concrete connections","volume":"130","author":"Gutkowski","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.finel.2011.02.003","article-title":"Exact finite element model for shear-deformable two-layer beams with discrete shear connection","volume":"47","author":"Nguyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Finite Elem. Anal. Des."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadeghi, F., and Kueh, A.B.H. (2015). Serviceability assessment of composite footbridge under human walking and running Loads. J. Teknol., 74.","DOI":"10.11113\/jt.v74.4612"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Chan, T.H., and Thambiratnam, D.P. (2011). Structural Health Monitoring in Australia, Nova Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"225","article-title":"A Review of Road Structure Data in Six European Countries","volume":"164","author":"Pakrashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng.-Urban Des. Plan."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Herrmann, A.W. (2013). Asce 2013 report card for america\u2019s infrastructure. Proceedings of the IABSE Symposium Report, International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2018.07.054","article-title":"Effect of bond layer thickness on behaviour of steel-concrete composite connections","volume":"177","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadeghi, F., Zhu, X., and Li, J. (2020, January 23\u201326). Damage analysis of steel-concrete composite beams under static loads. Proceedings of the International Conference on Structural Dynamic EURODYN, Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.47964\/1120.9085.18540"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcsr.2019.01.019","article-title":"Static and fatigue behavior of steel-concrete composite beams with corroded studs","volume":"156","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Constr. Steel Res."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"817384","article-title":"Vibration characteristics of composite footbridges under various human running loads","volume":"2013","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Sch. Res. Not."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1177\/1077546304041370","article-title":"Experimental modal analysis of steel concrete composite beams with partially damaged connection","volume":"10","author":"Dilena","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vib. Control."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadeghi, F., Kueh, A., and Vafaei, M. (2013, January 7\u20139). Dynamic response of composite footbridges under running pedestrian load. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications Colloquium (BEIAC), Langkawi, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/BEIAC.2013.6560130"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/stc.1669","article-title":"Inference of bond slip in prestressed tendons in concrete bridge girders","volume":"22","author":"Ho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Struct. Control. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1002\/stc.1714","article-title":"Development and application of a relative displacement sensor for structural health monitoring of composite bridges","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Struct. Control. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2015.12.009","article-title":"Health monitoring of joint conditions in steel truss bridges with relative displacement sensors","volume":"88","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2006.09.014","article-title":"Dynamic assessment of shear connectors in slab\u2013girder bridges","volume":"29","author":"Xia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1002\/stc.1501","article-title":"Recent research and applications of GPS-based monitoring technology for high-rise structures","volume":"20","author":"Yi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Struct. Control Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2004.06.012","article-title":"Comparison of laser Doppler vibrometer with contact sensors for monitoring bridge deflection and vibration","volume":"38","author":"Nassif","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ndt E Int."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"283","article-title":"Experimental utilization of interferometric radar techniques for structural monitoring","volume":"15","author":"Bartoli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Struct. Control Health Monit. Off. J. Int. Assoc. Struct. Control. Monit. Eur. Assoc. Control Struct."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tryba\u0142a, P., Blachowski, J., B\u0142a\u017cej, R., and Zimroz, R. (2021). Damage Detection Based on 3D Point Cloud Data Processing from Laser Scanning of Conveyor Belt Surface. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13010055"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Wang, P., Lu, Z., Gao, K., Wang, H., Jiao, C., and Zhang, X. (2019). Damage detection and analysis of urban bridges using terrestrial laser scanning (tls), ground-based microwave interferometry, and permanent scatterer interferometry synthetic aperture radar (ps-insar). Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11050580"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.10.080","article-title":"Bond behavior of interface between CFL and concrete under static and fatigue load","volume":"52","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:4(618)","article-title":"Displacement-based design of slender reinforced concrete structural walls\u2014experimental verification","volume":"130","author":"Wallace","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2015.04.026","article-title":"A laser-optical sensor system for blade vibration detection of high-speed compressors","volume":"64","author":"Neumann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/1475921710365413","article-title":"Paired structured light for structural health monitoring robot system","volume":"10","author":"Myung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.06.035","article-title":"Experimental measurement of mesh stiffness by laser displacement sensor technique","volume":"128","author":"Raghuwanshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2012.08.013","article-title":"Fiber optic displacement sensor for imaging of tooth surface roughness","volume":"46","author":"Rahman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Q., Monserrat, O., Crosetto, M., Crippa, B., Wang, Y., Jiang, J., and Ding, Y. (2018). Displacement monitoring and health evaluation of two bridges using sentinel-1 SAR images. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10111714"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, J., Kim, D.-J., Palanisamy Vadivel, S.K., and Yun, S.-H. (2019). Long-term deflection monitoring for bridges using X and C-band time-series SAR interferometry. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11111258"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rashidi, M., Mohammadi, M., Sadeghlou Kivi, S., Abdolvand, M.M., Truong-Hong, L., and Samali, B. (2020). A decade of modern bridge monitoring using terrestrial laser scanning: Review and future directions. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12223796"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huo, L., Cheng, H., Kong, Q., and Chen, X. (2019). Bond-slip monitoring of concrete structures using smart sensors\u2014A review. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051231"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000729","article-title":"Relative displacement sensing techniques for postevent structural damage assessment","volume":"139","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055037","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/aa6768","article-title":"Estimation of impact location on concrete column","volume":"26","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2021.112824","article-title":"Damage identification of steel-concrete composite beams based on modal strain energy changes through general regression neural network","volume":"244","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bitter, R., Mohiuddin, T., and Nawrocki, M. (2000). LabVIEW: Advanced Programming Techniques, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420039351"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Standards Australia (2003). AS\/NZS 2327.1:2003 Composite Structures: Simply-Supported Beams, Standards Australia."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Standards Australia (2002). AS\/NZS 1170.1:2002 Structural Design Actions Part 1\u2013Permanent, Imposed and Other Actions, Standards Australia."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/17\/3377\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:51:47Z","timestamp":1760165507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/17\/3377"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13173377"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13173377","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]}}}