{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T21:50:59Z","timestamp":1776289859994,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]],"date-time":"2021-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41974003, 41674007, 41374010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41974003, 41674007, 41374010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Water level (WL) and terrestrial water storage (TWS) are two important indicators for early alerts of hydrological extremes. Their variation is governed by precipitation under monsoon variability, in particular in the Mekong river basin, where it is affected by the interaction between the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) and western North Pacific monsoon (WNPM). This study aimed to quantify the contributions of two monsoons to the water levels of four hydrological stations (i.e., My Thuan, Can Tho, Chau Doc and Tan Chau) on the Mekong Delta and the terrestrial water storage of the entire Mekong River basin through relative importance analysis. Three methods\u2014multivariate linear regression; Lindeman, Merenda and Gold (LMG); and the proportional marginal variance decomposition (PMVD) methods\u2014were selected to quantitatively obtain the relative influence of two monsoons on water level and TWS. The results showed that, from 2010 to 2014, the proportions of the ISM impacts on the water level obtained with the three methods ranged from 55.48 to 81.35%, 50.69 to 57.55% and 55.41 to 93.64% via multivariate linear regression, LMG and PMVD, respectively. Further analysis showed that different choices of time spans could lead to different results, indicated that the corresponding proportion would be influenced by other factors, such as El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The removal of ENSO further enlarged the relative importance of the ISM, and the mean values of the four stations were increased by 8.78%, 2.04% and 14.92%, respectively, via multivariate linear regression, LMG and PMVD. Meanwhile, based on the analysis of terrestrial water storage, it was found that the impact of the ISM on the whole Mekong River basin was dominant: the proportions of the impact of the ISM on terrestrial water storage increased to 68.79%, 54.60% and 79.43%, which rose by 11.24%, 2.96% and 19.77%, respectively, via linear regression, LMG and PMVD. The increases almost equaled the quantified proportion for the ENSO component. Overall, the novel technique of quantifying the contributions of monsoons to WL and TWS can be applied to the influence of other atmospheric factors or events on hydrological variables in different regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13173399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T21:59:45Z","timestamp":1630447185000},"page":"3399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Interactive Contribution of Indian Summer Monsoon and Western North Pacific Monsoon to Water Level and Terrestrial Water Storage in the Mekong Basin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Taoran","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0535-5292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hok Sum","family":"Fok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geophysical Geodesy, Ministry of Natural Resources, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2981-2558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongtian","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geophysical Geodesy, Ministry of Natural Resources, Wuhan 430079, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4073","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2001)014<4073:IVOTAS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Interannual variability of the Asian summer monsoon: Contrasts between the Indian and the western North Pacific\u2013East Asian monsoons","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-003-0016-5","article-title":"A new monsoon index and the geographical distribution of the global monsoons","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104061","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/abaf1d","article-title":"Dominance of summer monsoon flash droughts in India","volume":"15","author":"Mahto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.2166\/wcc.2019.093","article-title":"Drought and flood occurrences in the lancang river basin during the last 60 years: Their variations and teleconnections with monsoons","volume":"11","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Water Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.115","article-title":"Origin and fate of nitrate runoff in an agricultural catchment: Haean, South Korea\u2014Comparison of two extremely different monsoon seasons","volume":"648","author":"Peiffer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Lau, N.-C., and Wang, B. (2006). Interactions between the Asian Monsoon and the El Ni\u00f1o\/Southern Oscillation, Springer."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL089572","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL089572","article-title":"Possible Modulation of the Interannual ENSO-East Asian Winter Monsoon Relationship by the North American Ice Sheets During the Last 21 ka","volume":"47","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3266","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2002)015<3266:ACOTEA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A contrast of the East Asian summer monsoon\u2013ENSO relationship between 1962\u201377 and 1978\u201393","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5572","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JCLI2761.1","article-title":"On the Phase Relations between the Western North Pacific, Indian, and Australian Monsoons","volume":"23","author":"Gu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2012.10.028","article-title":"Spatiotemporal influences of ENSO on precipitation and flood pulse in the Mekong River Basin","volume":"476","author":"Kummu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1579\/0044-7447(2008)37[170:WLRTHD]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Water level response to hydropower development in the upper Mekong River","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fok, H.S., He, Q., Chun, K.P., Zhou, Z., and Chu, T. (2018). Application of ENSO and Drought Indices for Water Level Reconstruction and Prediction: A Case Study in the Lower Mekong River Estuary. Water, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/w10010058"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Q., Fok, H.S., Chen, Q., and Chun, K.P. (2018). Water Level Reconstruction and Prediction Based on Space-Borne Sensors: A Case Study in the Mekong and Yangtze River Basins. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18093076"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-011-9925-8","article-title":"Water Resource Models in the Mekong Basin: A Review","volume":"26","author":"Johnston","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"21","article-title":"Population distribution and its spatial relationship with terrain elements in Lancang-Mekong river basin","volume":"32","author":"You","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mt. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3495","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-012-0087-0","article-title":"Downstream Hydrological Impacts of Hydropower Development in the Upper Mekong Basin","volume":"26","author":"Koponen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"MRC (Mekong River Commission) (2005). Overview of the Hydrology of the Mekong Basin, Mekong River Commission."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2002)015<0386:RSOTAP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Rainy season of the Asian\u2013Pacific summer monsoon","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2007.10.011","article-title":"The relationship of climatic and hydrological parameters to surface water quality in the lower Mekong River","volume":"34","author":"Prathumratana","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2010.01.013","article-title":"Impact of the East Asian monsoon rainfall changes on the erosion of the Mekong River basin over the past 25,000 yr","volume":"271","author":"Colin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5250.785","article-title":"Human Appropriation of Renewable Fresh Water","volume":"271","author":"Postel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Pauw, K., and Thurlow, J. (2009). Economic Losses and Poverty Effects of Droughts and Floods in Malawi. MaSSP Policy Notes."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zampieri, M., Carmona Garcia, G., Dentener, F., Gumma, M., Salamon, P., Seguini, L., and Toreti, A. (2018). Surface freshwater limitation explains worst rice production anomaly in India in 2002. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10020244"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beven, K.J. (2012). Rainfall-Runoff Modelling: The Primer, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119951001"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4174","DOI":"10.1002\/wrcr.20348","article-title":"A quantile function approach to discharge estimation from satellite altimetry (EN-VISAT)","volume":"49","author":"Tourian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2006.04.025","article-title":"Analysis of water-level response to rainfall and implications for recharge pathways in the Chalk aquifer, SE England","volume":"330","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2006.03.015","article-title":"Temporal and spatial trends of precipitation and river flow in the Yangtze River Basin, 1961\u20132000","volume":"85","author":"Jiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-007-9191-y","article-title":"The Falling Lake Victoria Water Level: GRACE, TRIMM and CHAMP Satellite Analysis of the Lake Basin","volume":"22","author":"Awange","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1922","article-title":"Precipitation variations and its impact on water level in the lower reaches of jianghuai basin: A case study in the inner lixiahe region","volume":"28","author":"Pan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.104889","article-title":"On the relationship of climatic and monsoon teleconnections with monthly precipitation over meteorologically homogenous regions in India: Wavelet & global coherence approaches","volume":"238","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2017.1388939","article-title":"Analysis of the spatiotemporal changes in terrestrial water storage anomaly and impacting factors over the typical mountains in China","volume":"39","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-016-9385-z","article-title":"Terrestrial Water Storage Anomalies Associated with Drought in Southwestern USA from GPS Observations","volume":"37","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1029\/2010WR010100","article-title":"Interpretation of hydrologic trends from a water balance perspective: The role of groundwater storage in the Budyko hypothesis","volume":"48","author":"Istanbulluoglu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L17402","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL039006","article-title":"Role of rivers in the seasonal variations of terrestrial water storage over global basins","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD029552","article-title":"Changes in terrestrial water storage during 2003\u20132014 and possible causes in tibetan plateau","volume":"124","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11976","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JD031147","article-title":"Spatiotemporal changes in china\u2019s terrestrial water storage from grace satellites and its possible drivers","volume":"124","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2019.124475","article-title":"Water storage redistribution over East China, between 2003 and 2015, driven by intra- and inter-annual climate variability","volume":"583","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.08.006","article-title":"Drought and flood monitoring for a large karst plateau in Southwest China using extended GRACE data","volume":"155","author":"Long","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-017-9421-7","article-title":"Global Terrestrial Water Storage Changes and Connections to ENSO Events","volume":"39","author":"Ni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.1002\/2013WR014656","article-title":"Assessing the recent droughts in Southwestern China using satellite gravimetry","volume":"50","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2015.01.002","article-title":"Terrestrial water storage anomalies of Yangtze River Basin droughts observed by GRACE and connections with ENSO","volume":"126","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.01.001","article-title":"Inter-annual water storage changes in the Aral Sea from multi-mission satellite altimetry, optical remote sensing, and GRACE satellite gravimetry","volume":"123","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.08.016","article-title":"Floodplain water storage in the Negro River basin estimated from microwave remote sensing of inundation area and water levels","volume":"99","author":"Frappart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-006-5233-9","article-title":"Measuring Water Storage Fluctuations in Lake Dongting, China, by Topex\/Poseidon Satellite Altimetry","volume":"115","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fok, H.S., and He, Q. (2018). Water Level Reconstruction Based on Satellite Gravimetry in the Yangtze River Basin. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7070286"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Achen, C.H. (1982). Interpreting and Using Regression, Sage Publications.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412984560"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.114.3.542","article-title":"Dominance analysis: A new approach to the problem of relative importance of predictors in multiple regression","volume":"114","author":"Budescu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428104266510","article-title":"History and Use of Relative Importance Indices in Organizational Research","volume":"7","author":"Johnson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Organ. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, L., Fok, H.S., Ma, Z., and Chen, Q. (2019). Upstream Remotely-Sensed Hydrological Variables and Their Standardization for Surface Runoff Reconstruction and Estimation of the Entire Mekong River Basin. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11091064"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Shariee, A.M.S.A., Mohamad, I.N., and Lee, W.K. (2020). Backwater Effect of Tidal Water Level Fluctuation and River. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, IOP Publishing."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(2000)081<0822:REPLY>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Reply","volume":"81","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geog.2015.03.004","article-title":"Variations in China\u2019s terrestrial water storage over the past decade using GRACE data","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geod. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, M., and Tapley, B. (2004). Variations in the Earth\u2019s oblateness during the past 28 years. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 109.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JB003028"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"08410","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JB005338","article-title":"Estimating geocenter variations from a combination of GRACE and ocean model output","volume":"113","author":"Swenson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Sol. Earth"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2005.04.005","article-title":"Time variations of land water storage from an inversion of 2 years of GRACE geoids","volume":"235","author":"Ramillien","year":"2005","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL025285","article-title":"Post-processing removal of correlated errors in GRACE data","volume":"33","author":"Swenson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.2336","article-title":"El Ni\u00f1o\/Southern Oscillation behaviour since 1871 as diagnosed in an extended multivariate EN-SO index (MEI. ext)","volume":"31","author":"Wolter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8079","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-8079-2018","article-title":"El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation influence on the asian summer monsoon anticyclone","volume":"18","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menke, W., and Menke, J. (2012). Environmental Data Analysis with MatLab, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-391886-4.00001-5"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2009.08.003","article-title":"Decomposition of the mean squared error and NSE performance criteria: Implications for improving hydrological modelling","volume":"377","author":"Gupta","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"925","article-title":"Relative Importance for Linear Regression in R: The Package relaimpo","volume":"17","author":"Groemping","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Statal Softw."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1198\/000313007X188252","article-title":"Estimators of Relative Importance in Linear Regression Based on Variance Decomposition","volume":"61","author":"Grmping","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. Stat."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.2307\/2287559","article-title":"Introduction to Bivariate and Multivariate Analysis","volume":"76","author":"Sen","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feldman, B.E. (2005). Relative Importance and Value. SSRN Electron. J.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2255827"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1999)012<2679:ICITEM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Interdecadal changes in the ENSO\u2013monsoon system","volume":"12","author":"Torrence","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.5194\/npg-11-561-2004","article-title":"Application of the cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence to geophysical time series","volume":"11","author":"Grinsted","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nonlinear Process. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0987-7053(02)00301-5","article-title":"Estimating the time-course of coherence between single-trial brain signals: An introduction to wavelet coherence","volume":"32","author":"Lachaux","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin.\/Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20064","article-title":"Investigating the wavelet coherence phase of the BOLD signal","volume":"20","author":"Lohmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"275","article-title":"Correlations in seasonal variations of weather. VIII, A further study of world weather","volume":"24","author":"Walker","year":"1924","journal-title":"Mem. Indian Meteorol. Dep."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1983)111<0517:TRBEEP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The relationship between the Eastern Pacific sea surface temperature and rainfall over India and Sri Lanka","volume":"111","author":"Rasmusson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49711850705","article-title":"Monsoon and ENSO: Selectively interactive systems","volume":"118","author":"Webster","year":"1992","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49712152509","article-title":"The Asian summer monsoon and ENSO","volume":"121","author":"Ju","year":"1995","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.04.08","article-title":"Response of the Asian summer monsoon to changes in El Ni\u00f1o properties","volume":"131","author":"Annamalai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj1965.75.6_1109","article-title":"Interannual and Interdecadal Variations of the Western North Pacific Monsoon and Baiu Rainfall and their Relationship to the ENSO Cycles","volume":"75","author":"Minoru","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1175\/2761.1","article-title":"Interannual Variability of the Western North Pacific Summer Monsoon: Differences between ENSO and Non-ENSO Years","volume":"16","author":"Chou","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wijaya, Y., and Hisaki, Y. (2021). Differences in the Reaction of North Equatorial Countercurrent to the Developing and Mature Phase of ENSO Events in the Western Pacific Ocean. Climate, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cli9040057"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, H., Fok, H., Gong, J., and Wang, L. (2020). Improving Stage\u2013Discharge Relation in The Mekong River Estuary by Remotely Sensed Long-Period Ocean Tides. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12213648"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.04.326","article-title":"Influence of recent climatic events on the surface water storage of the tonle sap lake","volume":"636","author":"Frappart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-016-3062-2","article-title":"The effects of monsoons and climate teleconnections on the Niangziguan Karst Spring discharge in North China","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-007-0042-8","article-title":"Regional difference of annual precipitation and discharge variation over west China during the last 50 years","volume":"50","author":"Ding","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. China Ser. D Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hydrological Response of East China to the Variation of East Asian Summer Monsoon","volume":"2016","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, C., Jia, L., Hu, G., and Lu, J. (August, January 28). Evapotranspiration Estimation in Tropical Monsoon Regions Using Improved ETMonitor Algorithm. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2019\u20142019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2019.8899883"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-015-9354-y","article-title":"On Creating Global Gridded Terrestrial Water Budget Estimates from Satellite Remote Sensing","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3390\/rs15010049","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]],"date-time":"2021-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630022400000}}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/17\/3399\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,3]],"date-time":"2025-08-03T22:34:23Z","timestamp":1754260463000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/17\/3399"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13173399"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13173399","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3390\/rs15010049","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]]}}}