{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T16:35:06Z","timestamp":1772642106358,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]],"date-time":"2021-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42001331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001331"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41971354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971354"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFB2103104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFB2103104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Science and Technology Strategic Innovation Fund","award":["2020B1212030009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B1212030009"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resource Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Land and Resource","award":["KF-2018-03-031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KF-2018-03-031"]}]},{"name":"the High Resolution Remote Sensing Surveying Application Demonstration System of the Land Satellite Remote Sensing Application Center (LASAC), Ministry of Natural Re-sources of the People\u2019s Republic of China (MNR)","award":["42-Y30B04-9001-19\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42-Y30B04-9001-19\/21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urban modeling and visualization are highly useful in the development of smart cities. Buildings are the most prominent features in the urban environment, and are necessary for urban decision support; thus, buildings should be modeled effectively and efficiently in three dimensions (3D). In this study, with the help of Gaofen-7 (GF-7) high-resolution stereo mapping satellite double-line camera (DLC) images and multispectral (MUX) images, the boundary of a building is segmented via a multilevel features fusion network (MFFN). A digital surface model (DSM) is generated to obtain the elevation of buildings. The building vector with height information is processed using a 3D modeling tool to create a white building model. The building model, DSM, and multispectral fused image are then imported into the Unreal Engine 4 (UE4) to complete the urban scene level, vividly rendered with environmental effects for urban visualization. The results of this study show that high accuracy of 95.29% is achieved in building extraction using our proposed method. Based on the extracted building vector and elevation information from the DSM, building 3D models can be efficiently created in Level of Details 1 (LOD1). Finally, the urban scene is produced for realistic 3D visualization. This study shows that high-resolution stereo mapping satellite images are useful in 3D modeling for urban buildings and can support the generation and visualization of urban scenes in a large area for different applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13173414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T21:59:45Z","timestamp":1630447185000},"page":"3414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Urban Building Extraction and Modeling Using GF-7 DLC and MUX Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Heng","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Nature Resources, Shenzhen 518034, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Institute of Natural Resources Remote Sensing, Nanning 530023, China"}]},{"given":"Biao","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Nature Resources, Shenzhen 518034, China"}]},{"given":"Renzhong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Nature Resources, Shenzhen 518034, China"},{"name":"Guangdong\u2013Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"given":"Weixi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Nature Resources, Shenzhen 518034, China"},{"name":"Guangdong\u2013Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6340-7452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xi","family":"Kuai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Nature Resources, Shenzhen 518034, China"},{"name":"Guangdong\u2013Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"given":"Bilu","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traffic Information Engineering Institute, Guangxi Vocational and Technical College of Communications, Nanning 530023, China"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Nature Resources, Shenzhen 518034, China"},{"name":"College of Urban and Environmental Science, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9328-9584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ding","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Nature Resources, Shenzhen 518034, China"},{"name":"Guangdong\u2013Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"given":"Linfu","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Nature Resources, Shenzhen 518034, China"},{"name":"Guangdong\u2013Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1177\/2399808318796416","article-title":"Digital twins","volume":"45","author":"Batty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. 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