{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T06:37:08Z","timestamp":1774507028892,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42071054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rice serves as the staple food for over 50% of the global population. Remotely-sensed based estimation of the gross primary production (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET) of rice paddy fields is essential to assess global food security. In this study, we tested the application of a recently proposed remotely-sensed based water-carbon coupled model (PML-V2) in the lower reaches of the Poyang Lake plain, which is one of the nine production bases for crops in China. Evaluation using the eddy covariance measurements showed that, after parameter localization, the model reproduced the seasonal variations of GPP and ET for both the early rice and the late rice. The model performed reasonably well in the validation period because the key parameters (e.g., the quantum efficiency and the stomatal conductance coefficient) exhibited predictable seasonal variations. At the regional scale, the spatial distribution in multi-year GPP of rice (1365 \u00b1 326 gCm\u22122year\u22121) can be explained by the vegetation cover fraction (R2 &gt; 0.9); in comparison, the multi-year ET (1003 \u00b1 65 mm\/year) exhibits smaller spatial variations due to the high evaporation rate of the saturated soil surface of paddy fields. The water use efficiency of rice in this region varies around 1.35 gC\/kgH2O with a standard deviation of 0.30. Our study shows that GPP and ET of rice can be estimated by remote sensing models without detailed crop management information, which is usually unavailable at regional scales.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13173470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]],"date-time":"2021-09-02T23:05:12Z","timestamp":1630623912000},"page":"3470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Estimating the Gross Primary Production and Evapotranspiration of Rice Paddy Fields in the Sub-Tropical Region of China Using a Remotely-Sensed Based Water-Carbon Coupled Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4683-5121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guojing","family":"Gan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaosong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0099-1839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingwang","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henwang","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Efficient High-Efficiency Water-Saving and Non-Point Source Pollution Preventing and Controlling, Nanchang 330201, China"},{"name":"Jiangxi Central Station of Irrigation Experiment, Nanchang 330201, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weirong","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Efficient High-Efficiency Water-Saving and Non-Point Source Pollution Preventing and Controlling, Nanchang 330201, China"},{"name":"Jiangxi Central Station of Irrigation Experiment, Nanchang 330201, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0162-4443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8780-927X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanbo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20260","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1116437108","article-title":"Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture","volume":"108","author":"Tilman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. 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