{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T12:18:19Z","timestamp":1766578699688,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014434","name":"Narodowa Agencja Wymiany Akademickiej","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PPN\/PPO\/2019\/1\/00036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPN\/PPO\/2019\/1\/00036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/P017169\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/P017169\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK Collaboratorium for Research in Infrastructure &amp; Cities","award":["National Centre for Infrastructure Materials in Leeds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["National Centre for Infrastructure Materials in Leeds"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite significant advances in the development of high-resolution digital cameras in the last couple of decades, their potential remains largely unexplored in the context of input-output modal identification. However, these remote sensors could greatly improve the efficacy of experimental dynamic characterisation of civil engineering structures. To this end, this study provides early evidence of the applicability of camera-based vibration monitoring systems in classical experimental modal analysis using an electromechanical shaker. A pseudo-random and sine chirp excitation is applied to a scaled model of a cable-stayed bridge at varying levels of intensity. The performance of vibration monitoring systems, consisting of a consumer-grade digital camera and two image processing algorithms, is analysed relative to that of a system based on accelerometry. A full set of modal parameters is considered in this process, including modal frequency, damping, mass and mode shapes. It is shown that the camera-based vibration monitoring systems can provide high accuracy results, although their effective application requires consideration of a number of issues related to the sensitivity, nature of the excitation force, and signal and image processing. Based on these findings, suggestions for best practice are provided to aid in the implementation of camera-based vibration monitoring systems in experimental modal analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13173471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]],"date-time":"2021-09-02T23:05:12Z","timestamp":1630623912000},"page":"3471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Performance of Camera-Based Vibration Monitoring Systems in Input-Output Modal Identification Using Shaker Excitation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7168-8779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maksat","family":"Kalybek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3539-5474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Bocian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, Wybrze\u017ce Stanis\u0142awa Wyspia\u0144skiego 27, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3595-6577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Pakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, Wybrze\u017ce Stanis\u0142awa Wyspia\u0144skiego 27, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Grosel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, Wybrze\u017ce Stanis\u0142awa Wyspia\u0144skiego 27, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6243-052X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Nikitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9DY, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, D., and Feng, M.Q. 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