{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:17:55Z","timestamp":1760235475489,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41876204; 41476152"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41876204; 41476152"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Special Fund Project for Marine Economic Development of Guangdong Province","award":["GDNRC [2020]013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GDNRC [2020]013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rain affects the wind measurement accuracy of the Ku-band spaceborne scatterometer. In order to improve the quality of the retrieved wind field, it is necessary to identify and flag rain-contaminated data. In this study, an HY-2A scatterometer is used to study rain identification. In addition to the conventional parameters, such as the retrieved wind speed, the wind direction relative to the along-track direction, and the normalized beam difference, the experiment expands the mean deviation of the backscattering coefficient, the beam difference between fore and aft, and the node number of the wind vector cell (WVC) as the sensitive parameters according to the microwave scattering characteristics of rain and the actual measurement situation of the HY-2A. Furthermore, a rain identification model for HY2 (HY2RRM) with the K-Nearest Neighborhood (KNN) algorithm was built. After several tests, the accuracy of the selected HY2RRM approach is found to about 88%, and about 70% of rain-contaminated data can be accurately identified. The research results are helpful for better understanding the characteristics of microwave backscattering and provide a possible way to further improve the wind field retrieval accuracy of the HY-2A scatterometer and other Ku-band scatterometers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13173475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]],"date-time":"2021-09-02T23:05:12Z","timestamp":1630623912000},"page":"3475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Study of Sea Surface Rain Identification Based on HY-2A Scatterometer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yihuan","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Center for Marine Development Research, Guangzhou 510220, China"}]},{"given":"Xuetong","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5468-1591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingsen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4386-1471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lishan","family":"Ran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Center for Marine Development Research, Guangzhou 510220, China"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Center for Marine Development Research, Guangzhou 510220, China"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Center for Marine Development Research, Guangzhou 510220, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Tsai, W.Y. (1995, January 10\u201314). Overview of NASA Scatterometers Projects. Proceedings of the International Geoscience & Remote Sensing Symposium, Firenze, Italy."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2870","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.858431","article-title":"An analysis of SeaWinds-based rain retrieval in severe weather events","volume":"43","author":"Allen","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2014.2298095","article-title":"Rain Identification in ASCAT Winds Using Singularity Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"532","article-title":"Rain effect on C-band scatterometer wind measurement and its correction","volume":"61","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Huddleston, J.N., and Stiles, B.W. (2000, January 24\u201328). A multidimensional histogram rain-flagging technique for SeaWinds on QuikSCAT. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience & Remote Sensing Symposium, Honolulu, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Lungu, T., and Callahan, P.S. (2020, May 15). QuikSCAT Science Data Product User\u2019s Manual: Overview and geophysucal data products. Pasadena, CA: Jet Propulsion Lab., 2006. D-18053-Rev A, Ver. 3.0, Available online: https:\/\/podaac.jpl.nasa.gov\/pub\/ocean_wind\/quikscat\/doc\/QSUG_v3.pdf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2102361","article-title":"Simultaneous Wind and Rain Estimation for QuikSCAT at Ultra-High Resolution","volume":"49","author":"Owen","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.5589\/m02-040","article-title":"A comparison of KNMI quality control and JPL rain flag for SeaWinds","volume":"3","author":"Portabella","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Mears, C. (2000, January 24\u201328). Detecting rain with QuikScat. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience & Remote Sensing Symposium, Honolulu, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3922","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2683720","article-title":"Toward an Improved Wind Quality Control for RapidScat","volume":"7","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3618","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.922146","article-title":"A C-Band Scatterometer Simultaneous Wind\/Rain Retrieval Method","volume":"46","author":"Nie","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plagge, A.M., Vandemark, D.C., and Long, D.G. (2008, January 7\u201311). Validation and Evaluation of QuikSCAT Ultra-High Resolution Wind Retrieval in the Gulf of Maine. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience & Remote Sensing Symposium, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2008.4779693"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2004.830169","article-title":"Simultaneous wind and rain retrieval using SeaWinds data","volume":"42","author":"Draper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geosci. Remote Sens. IEEE Trans."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JC001741","article-title":"Evaluating the effect of rain on SeaWinds scatterometer measurements","volume":"109","author":"Draper","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.2007492","article-title":"A Wind and Rain Backscatter Model Derived From AMSR and SeaWinds Data","volume":"47","author":"Nielsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owen, M.P., and Long, D.G. (2008, January 7\u201311). Progress toward validation of QuikSCAT ultra-high-resolution rain rates using TRMM PR. Proceedings of the Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2008.4779717"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owen, M.P., and Long, D.G. (2010, January 25\u201330). Towards Bayesian estimator selection for QuikSCAT wind and rain estimation. Proceedings of the Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2010.5650889"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Battan, L.J. (1973). Radar Observation of the Atmosphere, The University of Chicago Press. International Convention Record."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Ulaby, F.T., Moore, R.K., and Fung, A.K. (1981). Microwave Remote Sensing: Active and Passive. Volume 1\u2014Microwave Remote Sensing Fundamentals and Radiometry, Addison-Wesley."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1080\/014311697217864","article-title":"Scattering by artificial wind and rain roughened water surfaces at oblique incidences","volume":"18","author":"Craeye","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169308954039","article-title":"An analysis of scatterometer returns from a water surface agitated by artificial rain: Evidence that ring-waves are the main feature","volume":"14","author":"Bliven","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1988)069<1047:AEAIOG>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"An Evaluation and Intercomparison of Global Analyses from the National Meteorological Center and the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts","volume":"69","author":"Trenberth","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6180","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5126180","article-title":"A Novel Integrated Algorithm for Wind Vector Retrieval from Conically Scanning Scatterometers","volume":"5","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78652","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2990160","article-title":"A Modeling Study of the Impact of the Sea Surface Temperature on the Backscattering Coefficient and Wind Field Retrieval","volume":"8","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"31","article-title":"A modified circle median filter approach for SeaWinds scatterometer","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Trop. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2006.12.019","article-title":"ML-KNN: A lazy learning approach to multi-label learning","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Berg, A.C., Maire, M., and Malik, J. (2006, January 17\u201322). SVM-KNN: Discriminative Nearest Neighbor Classification for Visual Category Recognition. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Thanh, H. (2020). Analyzing and Visualizing Chemical Molecular Properties Using K-Dimension Tree Algorithm. [Bachelor\u2019s Thesis, Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences]."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, J., Hu, X.L., Pan, Q.K., Miao, Z., and Tasgetiren, M.F. (2020, January 27\u201329). An iterated greedy algorithm for the distributed permutation flowshop scheduling problem with preventive maintenance to minimize total flowtime. Proceedings of the 39th Chinese Control Conference, Shenyang, China.","DOI":"10.23919\/CCC50068.2020.9189642"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"71","article-title":"A greedy algorithm based on joint assignment of airport gates and taxiways in large hub airports","volume":"26","author":"Nie","year":"2020","journal-title":"High Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"301","article-title":"Optimal distribution network configuration using improved backtracking search algorithm","volume":"19","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Telecommun. Comput. Electron. Control"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1145\/321958.321963","article-title":"A Fast Backtracking Algorithm to Test Directed Graphs for Isomorphism Using Distance Matrices","volume":"23","author":"Schmidt","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. ACM"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1137\/0201010","article-title":"Depth-first search","volume":"1","author":"Robert","year":"1972","journal-title":"SIAM J. Comput."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Tamhane, A.C., and Dunlop, D.D. (2000). Statistics and Data Analysis: From Elementary to Intermediate, Prentice-Hall."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/17\/3475\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:54:35Z","timestamp":1760165675000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/17\/3475"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13173475"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13173475","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]}}}