{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:18:18Z","timestamp":1760235498694,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research tests the application of GNSS and RPAS techniques to the spatiotemporal analysis of landslide dynamics. Our method began by establishing non-permanent GNSS networks on the slope surfaces to perform periodic measurements by differential GNSS. Similarly, RPAS flights were made to acquire high-resolution images, which were oriented and georeferenced using ground control points and structure-from-motion algorithms to ultimately obtain digital surface models and orthophotos. Based on GNSS measurements, the direction and velocity of displacements were accurately calculated, and orthophotos and DSMs were used to calculate horizontal and vertical displacements in a set of significant points throughout the study area, reaching accuracies higher than 0.035 m in the GNSS data and 0.10 m in the RPAS data. These values were within the accuracy required for such studies. Based on the field observations and the results from the photogrammetric studies, the two studied landslides were classified as very slow flows. These techniques are the basis for establishing early warning systems in areas of natural hazards based on the calculation of displacement speeds of the surface of slopes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13173496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T13:18:26Z","timestamp":1630934306000},"page":"3496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["GNSS and RPAS Integration Techniques for Studying Landslide Dynamics: Application to the Areas of Victoria and Colinas Lojanas, (Loja, Ecuador)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3457-0381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Belizario A.","family":"Z\u00e1rate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Civil Engineering, Private Technical University of Loja, Loja AP. 1101608, Ecuador"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1271-3839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachid","family":"El Hamdouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, ETSICCP, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s\/n, 18071 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6822-775X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic, Geodetic and Photogrammetric Engineering, University of Ja\u00e9n, Campus de las Lagunillas s\/n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environmental, University of Ja\u00e9n, Campus de las Lagunillas s\/n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.02.062","article-title":"Reconstruction of extreme topography from UAV structure from motion photogrammetry","volume":"121","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.3390\/rs2092259","article-title":"Landslide catastrophes and disaster risk reduction: A GIS framework for landslide prevention and management","volume":"2","author":"Assilzadeh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-017-0829-4","article-title":"Impact of event landslides on road networks: A statistical analysis of two Italian case studies","volume":"14","author":"Donnini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggy198","article-title":"Detection of ground motions using high-rate GPS time-series","volume":"214","author":"Psimoulis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. 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