{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T03:35:47Z","timestamp":1776396947931,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41830643"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41830643"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41807508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41807508"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41771109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41771109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Jilin provincial science and Technology Department Project","award":["20200403030SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200403030SF"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["2019FY101703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019FY101703"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wetlands play an important role in the terrestrial ecosystem. However, agricultural activities have resulted in a significant decrease in natural wetlands around the world. In the Tumen River Basin (TRB), a border area between China, the Democratic People\u2019s Republic of Korea (DPRK), and Russia, natural wetlands have been reclaimed and converted into farmland, primarily due to the migration practices of Korean-Chinese. To understand the spatial and temporal patterns of this conversion from wetlands to farmland, Landsat remote sensing images from four time periods were analyzed. Almost 30 years of data were extracted using the object-oriented classification method combined with random forest classification. In addition, statistical analysis was conducted on the conversion from natural wetland to farmland and from farmland to wetland, as well as on the relationship between the driving factors. The results revealed that a loss of 49.2% (12,540.1 ha) of natural wetlands in the Chinese portion of the TRB was due to agricultural encroachment for grain production. At the sub-basin scale, the largest area of natural wetland converted into farmland in the past 30 years was in the Hunchun River Basin (HCH), which accounts for 22.0% (2761.2 ha) of the total. Meanwhile, 6571.4 ha of natural wetlands, mainly in the Gaya River Basin (GYH), have been restored from farmland. These changes are closely related to the migration of the agricultural populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13173498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T13:18:26Z","timestamp":1630934306000},"page":"3498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Conversion of Natural Wetland to Farmland in the Tumen River Basin: Human and Environmental Factors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yuyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Ocean Sciences, Yanbian University, Hunchun 133300, China"},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Joint Key Laboratory of Changbai Mountain Wetland & Ecology, Changchun 130102, China"},{"name":"Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Changbai Mountain Wetland Ecosystem Function and Ecological Security, Hunchun 133300, China"},{"name":"Tumen River Basin Wetland and Ecology International Joint Research Center of Jilin Province, Hunchun 133300, China"},{"name":"Wetland Research Center of Yanbian University, Yanbian University, Hunchun 133300, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8919-2624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ri","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Ocean Sciences, Yanbian University, Hunchun 133300, China"},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Joint Key Laboratory of Changbai Mountain Wetland & Ecology, Changchun 130102, China"},{"name":"Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Changbai Mountain Wetland Ecosystem Function and Ecological Security, Hunchun 133300, China"},{"name":"Tumen River Basin Wetland and Ecology International Joint Research Center of Jilin Province, Hunchun 133300, China"},{"name":"Wetland Research Center of Yanbian University, Yanbian University, Hunchun 133300, China"}]},{"given":"Weihong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Ocean Sciences, Yanbian University, Hunchun 133300, China"},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Joint Key Laboratory of Changbai Mountain Wetland & Ecology, Changchun 130102, China"},{"name":"Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Changbai Mountain Wetland Ecosystem Function and Ecological Security, Hunchun 133300, China"},{"name":"Tumen River Basin Wetland and Ecology International Joint Research Center of Jilin Province, Hunchun 133300, China"},{"name":"Wetland Research Center of Yanbian University, Yanbian University, Hunchun 133300, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.2939","article-title":"China\u2019s wetlands loss to urban expansion","volume":"29","author":"Mao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Land Degrad. 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