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Nitrous acid (HONO) is a kind of crucial species in photochemical cycles. Exploring the influence and sources of HONO in air pollution at different altitudes offers some insights into the research of tropospheric oxidation chemistry processes. Ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements were conducted in Shanghai, China, from December 2017 to March 2018 to investigate vertical distributions and diurnal variations of trace gases (NO2, HONO, HCHO, SO2, and water vapor) and aerosol extinction coefficient in the boundary layer. Aerosol and NO2 showed decreasing profile exponentially, SO2 and HCHO concentrations were observed relatively high values in the middle layer. SO2 was caused by industrial emissions, while HCHO was from secondary sources. As for HONO, below 0.82 km, the heterogeneous reactions of NO2 impacted on forming HONO, while in the upper layers, vertical diffusion might be the dominant source. The contribution of OH production from HONO photolysis at different altitudes was mainly controlled by the concentration of HONO. MAX-DOAS measurements characterize the vertical structure of air pollutants in Shanghai and provide further understanding for HONO formation, which can help deploy advanced measurement platforms of regional air pollution over eastern China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13173518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T13:18:26Z","timestamp":1630934306000},"page":"3518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Observations by Ground-Based MAX-DOAS of the Vertical Characters of Winter Pollution and the Influencing Factors of HONO Generation in Shanghai, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shiqi","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China"},{"name":"Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), No.20 Cuiniao Road, Shanghai 202162, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8534-3357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Men","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengzhi","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangguang","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China"},{"name":"Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qihou","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2007.06.012","article-title":"Human health effects of air pollution","volume":"151","author":"Kampa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. 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