{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T06:06:30Z","timestamp":1774332390432,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,4]],"date-time":"2021-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LQ20D010001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQ20D010001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19DZ1202400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19DZ1202400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) point clouds for tunnel deformation measurement has elicited much interest. However, general methods of point-cloud processing in tunnels are still under investigation, given the high accuracy and efficiency requirements in this area. This study discusses a systematic method of analyzing tunnel deformation. Point clouds from different stations need to be registered rapidly and with high accuracy before point-cloud processing. An orientation method of TLS in tunnels that uses a positioning base made in the laboratory is proposed for fast point-cloud registration. The calibration methods of the positioning base are demonstrated herein. In addition, an improved moving least-squares method is proposed as a way to reconstruct the centerline of a tunnel from unorganized point clouds. Then, the normal planes of the centerline are calculated and are used to serve as the reference plane for point-cloud projection. The convergence of the tunnel cross-section is analyzed, based on each point cloud slice, to determine the safety status of the tunnel. Furthermore, the results of the deformation analysis of a particular shield tunnel site are briefly discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13173519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T13:18:26Z","timestamp":1630934306000},"page":"3519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Systematic Approach for Tunnel Deformation Monitoring with Terrestrial Laser Scanning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2545-0852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongfeng","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}]},{"given":"Weiping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}]},{"given":"Yanping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Tongji Zhejiang College, Jiaxing 314051, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"99","article-title":"A review of the use of terrestrial laser scanning application for change detection and deformation monitoring of structures","volume":"49","author":"Mukupa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surv. 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