{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T21:45:02Z","timestamp":1776462302039,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,5]],"date-time":"2021-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Satellite data are very useful for the continuous monitoring of ever-changing environments, such as wetlands. In this study, we investigated the use of multispectral imagery to monitor the winter evolution of land cover in the Albufera wetland (Spain), using Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 datasets. With multispectral data, the frequency of observation is limited by the possible presence of clouds. To overcome this problem, the data acquired by the two missions, Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2, were jointly used, thus roughly halving the revisit time. The varied types of land cover were grouped into four classes: (1) open water, (2) mosaic of water, mud and vegetation, (3) bare soil and (4) vegetated soil. The automatic classification of the four classes was obtained through a rule-based method that combined the NDWI, MNDWI and NDVI indices. Point information, provided by geo-located ground pictures, was spatially extended with the help of a very high-resolution image (GeoEye-1). In this way, surfaces with known land cover were obtained and used for the validation of the classification method. The overall accuracy was found to be 0.96 and 0.98 for Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2, respectively. The consistency evaluation between Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 was performed in six days, in which acquisitions by both missions were available. The observed dynamics of the land cover were highly variable in space. For example, the presence of the open water condition lasted for around 60\u201380 days in the areas closest to the Albufera lake and progressively decreased towards the boundaries of the park. The study demonstrates the feasibility of using moderate-resolution multispectral images to monitor land cover changes in wetland environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13173525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T13:18:26Z","timestamp":1630934306000},"page":"3525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Continuous Monitoring of the Flooding Dynamics in the Albufera Wetland (Spain) by Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 Datasets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4517-7243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmela","family":"Cavallo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8497-5299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Nicolina","family":"Papa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Gargiulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Napoli \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80125 Napoli, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0492-6567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Palau-Salvador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INGENIO CSIC-UPV, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6784-8036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Vezza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Polytechnic University of Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Ruello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Napoli \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80125 Napoli, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, M., Li, J., Sheng, C., Xu, J., and Wu, L. (2017). A Review of Wetland Remote Sensing. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17040777"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Matthews, G.V.T. (1993). The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands: Its History and Development, Ramsar Convention Bureau."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-017-5853-2","article-title":"Effects of human-induced environmental changes on benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages of wetlands in Lake Tana Watershed, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"189","author":"Gezie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Revenga, C., Brunner, J., Henninger, N., Kassem, K., and Payne, R. (2000). Freshwater Systems, World Resources Institute."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3406\/ecmed.2012.1316","article-title":"Existing areas and past changes of wetland extent in the Mediterranean region: An overview","volume":"38","author":"Perennou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Mediterr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3207(01)00037-4","article-title":"Are ricefields a good alternative to natural marshes for waterbird communities in the Camargue, southern France?","volume":"100","author":"Tourenq","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BIOC.0000006502.96131.59","article-title":"Are artificial wetlands good alternatives to natural wetlands for waterbirds?\u2014A case study on Chongming Island, China","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-004-5706-1","article-title":"Aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages in mitigated and natural wetlands","volume":"541","author":"Balcombe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2009.08.007","article-title":"Natural versus artificial-wetlands and their waterbirds in Sri Lanka","volume":"142","author":"Bellio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1071\/MF14109","article-title":"Comparative assessment of aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity in irrigated rice fields and wetlands through different spatial scales: An additive partitioning approach","volume":"67","author":"Pires","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Freshw. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1560\/X7K3-9JG8-MH2J-XGX1","article-title":"Rice Fields as Temporary Wetlands: A Review","volume":"47","author":"Lawler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Isr. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2015.03.019","article-title":"A comparison of wintering duck numbers among European rice production areas with contrasting flooding regimes","volume":"186","author":"Pernollet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-009-9926-2","article-title":"Can hydrologic management practices of rice fields contribute to macroinvertebrate conservation in southern Brazil wetlands?","volume":"635","author":"Stenert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baumgartner, D., M\u00f6rtl, M., and Rothhaupt, K.-O. (2008). Effects of water-depth and water-level fluctuations on the macroinvertebrate community structure in the littoral zone of Lake Constance. Ecological Effects of Water-Level Fluctuations in Lakes, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-9192-6_10"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1007\/s13157-019-01151-0","article-title":"Modeled Sediment Availability, Deposition, and Decadal Land Change in Coastal Louisiana Marshes under Future Relative Sea Level Rise Scenarios","volume":"39","author":"White","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wetlands"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.04.088","article-title":"Effects of brine contamination from energy development on wetland macroinvertebrate community structure in the Prairie Pothole Region","volume":"239","author":"Preston","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-018-7121-5","article-title":"A comparison of water quality and macroinvertebrate community structure in endorheic depression wetlands and a salt pan in the Gauteng province, South Africa","volume":"191","author":"Burger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D.-K., Jo, H., Park, K., and Kwak, I.-S. (2019). Assessing Spatial Distribution of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities Associated with Surrounding Land Cover and Water Quality. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9235162"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s11273-020-09724-1","article-title":"Aquatic macroinvertebrate richness and diversity associated with native submerged aquatic vegetation plantings increases in longer-managed and wetland-channeled effluent constructed urban wetlands","volume":"28","author":"Schad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wetl. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.1070","article-title":"Can management practices in rice fields contribute to amphibian conservation in southern Brazilian wetlands?","volume":"20","author":"Machado","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2000.98314.x","article-title":"Functional Equivalency between Rice Fields and Seminatural Wetland Habitats","volume":"14","author":"Elphick","year":"2000","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.2326\/osj.12.127","article-title":"The Effects of Flooding and Plowing on Foraging Site Selection by Wintering Dabbling Ducks in Rice Fields","volume":"12","author":"Tajiri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ornithol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020908432489","article-title":"Satellite remote sensing of wetlands","volume":"10","author":"Ozesmi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Wetl. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2007.06.027","article-title":"Remote sensing and GIS for wetland inventory, mapping and change analysis","volume":"90","author":"Rebelo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1080\/014311600209742","article-title":"Wetland change detection on the Kafue Flats, Zambia, by classification of a multitemporal remote sensing image dataset","volume":"21","author":"Munyati","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5275","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500219224","article-title":"Using satellite imagery and GIS for land-use and land-cover change mapping in an estuarine watershed","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandanici, E., and Bitelli, G. (2016). Preliminary Comparison of Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 Imagery for a Combined Use. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8121014"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrasco, L., O\u2019Neil, A.W., Morton, R.D., and Rowland, C.S. (2019). Evaluating Combinations of Temporally Aggregated Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 for Land Cover Mapping with Google Earth Engine. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11030288"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3885","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2683444","article-title":"Fusion of Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel-2 MSI Data","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2018.07.005","article-title":"Spectral analysis of wetlands using multi-source optical satellite imagery","volume":"144","author":"Amani","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.07.015","article-title":"Mapping flooding regimes in Camargue wetlands using seasonal multispectral data","volume":"138","author":"Davranche","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5530","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5115530","article-title":"A Comparison of Land Surface Water Mapping Using the Normalized Difference Water Index from TM, ETM+ and ALI","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1007\/s13157-015-0676-9","article-title":"Evaluation of MODIS Spectral Indices for Monitoring Hydrological Dynamics of a Small, Seasonally-Flooded Wetland in Southern Spain","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wetlands"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forkuor, G., Hounkpatin, O.K.L., Welp, G., and Thiel, M. (2017). High Resolution Mapping of Soil Properties Using Remote Sensing Variables in South-Western Burkina Faso: A Comparison of Machine Learning and Multiple Linear Regression Models. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170478"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.07.006","article-title":"Object-based analysis and change detection of major wetland cover types and their classification uncertainty during the low water period at Poyang Lake, China","volume":"115","author":"Dronova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2017.1419602","article-title":"Remote sensing for wetland classification: A comprehensive review","volume":"55","author":"Mahdavi","year":"2018","journal-title":"GIScience Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Lopez-Garcia, M.J., and Caselles, V. (1987, January 7\u201311). Use of Thematic Mapper data to assess water quality in Albufera Lagoon of Valencia (Spain). Proceedings of the 13th Annual Conference of the Remote Sensing Society, Nottingham, UK."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2014.12.003","article-title":"Integrated satellite data fusion and mining for monitoring lake water quality status of the Albufera de Valencia in Spain","volume":"151","author":"Dona","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134305","article-title":"Remote sensing of cyanobacterial blooms in a hypertrophic lagoon (Albufera of Val\u00e8ncia, Eastern Iberian Peninsula) using multitemporal Sentinel-2 images","volume":"698","author":"Vicente","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soria, J., Vera-Herrera, L., Calvo, S., Romo, S., Vicente, E., Sahuquillo, M., and S\u00f2ria-Perpiny\u00e0, X. (2021). Residence Time Analysis in the Albufera of Valencia, a Mediterranean Coastal Lagoon, Spain. Hydrology, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/hydrology8010037"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.03.020","article-title":"Validation of the Sentinel Simplified Level 2 Product Prototype Processor (SL2P) for mapping cropland biophysical variables using Sentinel-2\/MSI and Landsat-8\/OLI data","volume":"225","author":"Djamai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.04.008","article-title":"Preliminary analysis of the performance of the Landsat 8\/OLI land surface reflectance product","volume":"185","author":"Vermote","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.10.049","article-title":"Application of the water-related spectral reflectance indices: A review","volume":"98","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14853","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71114853","article-title":"Detection and Delineation of Localized Flooding from WorldView-2 Multispectral Data","volume":"7","author":"Malinowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169608948714","article-title":"The use of the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) in the delineation of open water features","volume":"17","author":"McFeeters","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600589179","article-title":"Modification of normalised difference water index (NDWI) to enhance open water features in remotely sensed imagery","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"257","article-title":"Multispectral remote sensing for the estimation of green leaf area index","volume":"Volume 309","author":"Curran","year":"1983","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168608948945","article-title":"Characteristics of maximum-value composite images from temporal AVHRR data","volume":"7","author":"Holben","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"22","article-title":"Determining the forest fire risk with sentinel 2 images","volume":"1","author":"Rutkay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"397","article-title":"Accuracy assessment: A user\u2019s perspective","volume":"52","author":"Story","year":"1986","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12356","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70912356","article-title":"Assessment of an Operational System for Crop Type Map Production Using High Temporal and Spatial Resolution Satellite Optical Imagery","volume":"7","author":"Inglada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.5589\/m02-064","article-title":"Classification of wetland habitat and vegetation communities using multi-temporal Ikonos imagery in southern Saskatchewan","volume":"28","author":"Dechka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/17\/3525\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:56:45Z","timestamp":1760165805000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/17\/3525"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,5]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13173525"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13173525","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,5]]}}}