{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T22:11:34Z","timestamp":1768687894339,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41830644, 91837102, 41771031, 41871012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41830644, 91837102, 41771031, 41871012"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018592","name":"\u201c333 Project\u201d of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BRA 2020030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BRA 2020030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018592","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Northeast China lies in the transition zone from the humid monsoonal to the arid continental climate, with diverse ecosystems and agricultural land highly susceptible to climate change. This region has experienced significant greening in the past three decades, but future trends remain uncertain. In this study, we provide a quantitative assessment of how vegetation, indicated by the leaf area index (LAI), will change in this region in response to future climate change. Based on the output of eleven CMIP6 global climates, Northeast China is likely to get warmer and wetter in the future, corresponding to an increase in regional LAI. Under the medium emissions scenario (SSP245), the average LAI is expected to increase by 0.27 for the mid-century (2041\u20132070) and 0.39 for the late century (2071\u20132100). Under the high emissions scenario (SSP585), the increase is 0.40 for the mid-century and 0.70 for the late century, respectively. Despite the increase in the regional mean, the LAI trend shows significant spatial heterogeneity, with likely decreases for the arid northwest and some sandy fields in this region. Therefore, climate change could pose additional challenges for long-term ecological and economic sustainability. Our findings could provide useful information to local decision makers for developing effective sustainable land management strategies in Northeast China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13173531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T13:18:26Z","timestamp":1630934306000},"page":"3531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Projecting Future Vegetation Change for Northeast China Using CMIP6 Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Shuang-Ye","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0905-3542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shugui","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Hongxi","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Huayu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.5194\/esd-7-211-2016","article-title":"Projections of Leaf Area Index in Earth System Models","volume":"7","author":"Mahowald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"UNCCD, UNCBD, and UNFCCC (2004, January 5\u20137). Final report. Proceedings of the Workshop on Forest and Forest Ecosystems: Promoting Synergy in the Three Rio Conventions, Viterbo, Italy."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2018.06.027","article-title":"Diverse Responses of Vegetation Growth to Meteorological Drought across Climate Zones and Land Biomes in Northern China from 1981 to 2014","volume":"262","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1923","article-title":"Geography: From Knowledge, Science to Decision Making Support","volume":"72","author":"Fu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.09.145","article-title":"Long-Term Trend and Correlation between Vegetation Greenness and Climate Variables in Asia Based on Satellite Data","volume":"618","author":"Lamchin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2011.02419.x","article-title":"Changes in Satellite-Derived Vegetation Growth Trend in Temperate and Boreal Eurasia from 1982 to 2006","volume":"17","author":"Piao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12795","article-title":"Detection and Attribution of Vegetation Greening Trend in China over the Last 30 Years","volume":"21","author":"Piao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136311","article-title":"Responses of Landscape Structure to the Ecological Restoration Programs in the Farming-Pastoral Ecotone of Northern China","volume":"710","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5583","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.6172","article-title":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index-Based Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Vegetation Growth in the Humid-Arid Transition Zone in Northern China during 1982\u20132013","volume":"39","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recent Ecological Transitions in China: Greening, Browning and Influential Factors","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3004","article-title":"Greening of the Earth and Its Drivers","volume":"6","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2020.108111","article-title":"Future Greening of the Earth May Not Be as Large as Previously Predicted","volume":"292\u2013293","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134782","article-title":"Vertical Difference of Climate Change Impacts on Vegetation at Temporal-Spatial Scales in the Upper Stream of the Mekong River Basin","volume":"701","author":"Ouyang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3637","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5083637","article-title":"Evaluation of Land Surface Models in Reproducing Satellite Derived Leaf Area Index over the High-Latitude Northern Hemisphere. Part II: Earth System Models","volume":"5","author":"Anav","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-10-2591-2017","article-title":"The Carbon Cycle in the Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator (ACCESS-ESM1)\u2014Part 2: Historical Simulations","volume":"10","author":"Ziehn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9299","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1504418112","article-title":"Evaporative Cooling over the Tibetan Plateau Induced by Vegetation Growth","volume":"112","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1002\/2017EF000573","article-title":"Past and Future Effects of Climate Change on Spatially Heterogeneous Vegetation Activity in China","volume":"5","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Future"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.11.069","article-title":"Characterization of Elevation and Land Cover Dependent Trends of NDVI Variations in the Hexi Region, Northwest China","volume":"232","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiao, K., Gao, J., and Liu, Z. (2021). Precipitation Drives the NDVI Distribution on the Tibetan Plateau While High Warming Rates May Intensify Its Ecological Droughts. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13071305"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-021-03523-1","article-title":"Influence of Land Surface Aridification on Regional Monsoon Precipitation in East Asian Summer Monsoon Transition Zone","volume":"144","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.110992","article-title":"Diverse Response of Vegetation Growth to Multi-Time-Scale Drought under Different Soil Textures in China\u2019s Pastoral Areas","volume":"274","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-011-0919-x","article-title":"Assessing Vegetation Dynamics in the Three-North Shelter Forest Region of China Using AVHRR NDVI Data","volume":"64","author":"Duan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2010.11.002","article-title":"Excessive Reliance on Afforestation in China\u2019s Arid and Semi-Arid Regions: Lessons in Ecological Restoration","volume":"104","author":"Cao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2011.09.005","article-title":"Effectiveness of Ecological Restoration Projects in Horqin Sandy Land, China Based on SPOT-VGT NDVI Data","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5299.502","article-title":"Modeling the Exchanges of Energy, Water, and Carbon Between Continents and the Atmosphere","volume":"275","author":"Sellers","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2006.08.018","article-title":"LAI Inversion Algorithm Based on Directional Reflectance Kernels","volume":"85","author":"Tang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2013.08.032","article-title":"Climate Change and the Ecological Responses in Xinjiang, China: Model Simulations and Data Analyses","volume":"311","author":"Fang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.1998.t01-1-00176.x","article-title":"Interactions between the Atmosphere and Terrestrial Ecosystems: Influence on Weather and Climate","volume":"4","author":"Pielke","year":"1998","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5020927","article-title":"Global Data Sets of Vegetation Leaf Area Index (LAI) 3g and Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FPAR) 3g Derived from Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI3g) for the Period 1981 to 2011","volume":"5","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winkler, A.J., Myneni, R.B., Hannart, A., Sitch, S., Haverd, V., Lombardozzi, D., Arora, V.K., Pongratz, J., Nabel, J.E., and Goll, D.S. (2020). Slow-down of the Greening Trend in Natural Vegetation with Further Rise in Atmospheric CO2. Earth Space Sci. Open Arch. (ESSOAr).","DOI":"10.1002\/essoar.10503202.1"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-020-0763-7","article-title":"Increasing Contribution of Peatlands to Boreal Evapotranspiration in a Warming Climate","volume":"10","author":"Helbig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1","article-title":"The ERA-Interim Archive","volume":"1","author":"Berrisford","year":"2009","journal-title":"ERA Rep. Ser."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.864","article-title":"Atmospheric Conservation Properties in ERA-Interim","volume":"137","author":"Berrisford","year":"2011","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-9-1937-2016","article-title":"Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) Experimental Design and Organization","volume":"9","author":"Eyring","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zampieri, M., Grizzetti, B., Meroni, M., Scoccimarro, E., Vrieling, A., Naumann, G., and Toreti, A. (2019). Annual Green Water Resources and Vegetation Resilience Indicators: Definitions, Mutual Relationships, and Future Climate Projections. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11222708"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03717","article-title":"Remobilization of Southern African Desert Dune Systems by Twenty-First Century Global Warming","volume":"435","author":"Thomas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.106009","article-title":"Nonlinear Relationship of Vegetation Greening with Nature and Human Factors and Its Forecast\u2013A Case Study of Southwest China","volume":"111","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.09.115","article-title":"NDVI-Based Vegetation Dynamics and Its Response to Climate Changes at Amur-Heilongjiang River Basin from 1982 to 2015","volume":"650","author":"Chu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160119381","article-title":"Global Monitoring of Interannual Changes in Vegetation Activities Using NDVI and Its Relationships to Temperature and Precipitation","volume":"22","author":"Kawabata","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.08.004","article-title":"Geographical Weighting as a Further Refinement to Regression Modelling: An Example Focused on the NDVI\u2013Rainfall Relationship","volume":"88","author":"Foody","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-014-1188-x","article-title":"Exploring Spatially Variable Relationships between NDVI and Climatic Factors in a Transition Zone Using Geographically Weighted Regression","volume":"120","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Fotheringham, A.S., Brunsdon, C., and Charlton, M. (2003). Geographically Weighted Regression: The Analysis of Spatially Varying Relationships, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7183","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900719","article-title":"Summarizing Multiple Aspects of Model Performance in a Single Diagram","volume":"106","author":"Taylor","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00094.1","article-title":"An Overview of CMIP5 and the Experiment Design","volume":"93","author":"Taylor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D14209","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD009334","article-title":"Evaluating the Present-Day Simulation of Clouds, Precipitation, and Radiation in Climate Models","volume":"113","author":"Pincus","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50188","article-title":"Climate Extremes Indices in the CMIP5 Multimodel Ensemble: Part 2. Future Climate Projections","volume":"118","author":"Sillmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-017-3641-x","article-title":"Maritime Continent Seasonal Climate Biases in AMIP Experiments of the CMIP5 Multimodel Ensemble","volume":"50","author":"Toh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3518","article-title":"Bias Correction of Daily Precipitation Simulated by a Regional Climate Model: A Comparison of Methods","volume":"33","author":"Lafon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-014-2130-8","article-title":"Evaluation of Delta Change and Bias Correction Methods for Future Daily Precipitation: Intermodel Cross-Validation Using ENSEMBLES Simulations","volume":"42","author":"Raty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hickler, T., Eklundh, L., Seaquist, J.W., Smith, B., Ard\u00f6, J., Olsson, L., Sykes, M.T., and Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m, M. (2005). Precipitation Controls Sahel Greening Trend. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024370"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3873","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160110119416","article-title":"Global Correlation Analysis for NDVI and Climatic Variables and NDVI Trends: 1982\u20131990","volume":"23","author":"Ichii","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2005.05.011","article-title":"Using the Satellite-Derived NDVI to Assess Ecological Responses to Environmental Change","volume":"20","author":"Pettorelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.12.018","article-title":"Reanalysis of Global Terrestrial Vegetation Trends from MODIS Products: Browning or Greening?","volume":"191","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2006.02.002","article-title":"NDVI-Based Increase in Growth of Temperate Grasslands and Its Responses to Climate Changes in China","volume":"16","author":"Piao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1130\/G30240A.1","article-title":"Dune Mobility and Aridity at the Desert Margin of Northern China at a Time of Peak Monsoon Strength","volume":"37","author":"Mason","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"24","article-title":"Modelling Relationship between NDVI and Climatic Variables Using Geographically Weighted Regression","volume":"1","author":"Usman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Math. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-019-1682-2","article-title":"Investigating the Spatially Heterogeneous Relationships between Climate Factors and NDVI in China during 1982 to 2013","volume":"29","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.2307\/1939924","article-title":"Spatial Autocorrelation: Trouble or New Paradigm?","volume":"74","author":"Legendre","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-001-0002-7","article-title":"Climate Change Effects on Vegetation Distribution and Carbon Budget in the United States","volume":"4","author":"Bachelet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124066","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab57a3","article-title":"Recent Recovery of the Boreal Spring Sensible Heating over the Tibetan Plateau Will Continue in CMIP6 Future Projections","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01724","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.1724","article-title":"A Global Study of GPP Focusing on Light-Use Efficiency in a Random Forest Regression Model","volume":"8","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3822","article-title":"A CMIP5 Multimodel Projection of Future Temperature, Precipitation, and Climatological Drought in China","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3558","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.6038","article-title":"Future Changes in Precipitation Characteristics in China","volume":"39","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106642","article-title":"Analysis and Prediction of Vegetation Dynamic Changes in China: Past, Present and Future","volume":"117","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.111108","article-title":"Ecological Risk Assessment of Wetland Vegetation under Projected Climate Scenarios in the Sanjiang Plain, China","volume":"273","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"012037","article-title":"Impact of Climate Zone Migration on Geographical Distribution of Indigenous Vegetation in Northeast China","volume":"526","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JD031967","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JD031967","article-title":"Multimodel Future Projections of the Regional Vegetation-Climate System over East Asia: Comparison between Two Ensemble Approaches","volume":"125","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135245","article-title":"Projections of Drought Characteristics in China Based on a Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index and Multiple GCMs","volume":"704","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L21716","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024560","article-title":"Late Quaternary Aeolian Activity in the Mu Us and Otindag Dune Fields (North China) and Lagged Response to Insolation Forcing","volume":"32","author":"Lu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.3314","article-title":"Vegetation Restoration in N Orthern China: A Contrasted Picture","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2019.04.021","article-title":"Identifying Land Restoration Regions and Their Driving Mechanisms in Inner Mongolia, China from 1981 to 2010","volume":"167","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-016-0801-6","article-title":"Did Ecological Engineering Projects Have a Significant Effect on Large-Scale Vegetation Restoration in Beijing-Tianjin Sand Source Region, China? A Remote Sensing Approach","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.09.011","article-title":"Dynamic Analysis of Ecological Environment Combined with Land Cover and NDVI Changes and Implications for Sustainable Urban\u2013Rural Development: The Case of Mu Us Sandy Land, China","volume":"142","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1007\/s13351-014-4023-5","article-title":"Evaluation of CMIP5 Earth System Models in Reproducing Leaf Area Index and Vegetation Cover over the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"28","author":"Bao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1002\/gbc.20027","article-title":"Analysis of Trends in Fused AVHRR and MODIS NDVI Data for 1982\u20132006: Indication for a CO2 Fertilization Effect in Global Vegetation","volume":"27","author":"Los","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb7772","article-title":"Recent Global Decline of CO2 Fertilization Effects on Vegetation Photosynthesis","volume":"370","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/17\/3531\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:56:57Z","timestamp":1760165817000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/17\/3531"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13173531"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13173531","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]}}}