{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T09:06:09Z","timestamp":1765098369408,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Freshwater is becoming scarce worldwide with the rapidly growing population, developing industries, burgeoning agriculture, and increasing consumption. Assessment of ecosystem services has been regarded as a promising way to reconcile the increasing demand and depleting natural resources. In this paper, we proposed a multidimensional assessment framework for evaluating water provisioning ecosystem services by integrating multi-source remote sensing products. We applied the multidimensional framework to assess lake water ecosystem services in the state of Minnesota, US. We found that: (1) the water provisioning ecosystem services degraded during 1998\u20132018 from three assessment perspectives; (2) the output, efficiency, and trend indices have stable distribution and various spatial clustering patterns from 1998 to 2018; (3) high-level efficiency depends on high-level output, and low-level output relates to low-level efficiency; (4) Western Minnesota, including Northwest, West Central, and Southwest, degraded more severely than other zones in water provisioning services; (5) human activities impact water provisioning services in Minnesota more than climate changes. These findings can benefit policymakers by identifying the priorities for better protection, conservation, and restoration of lake ecosystems. Our multidimensional assessment framework can be adapted to evaluate ecosystem services in other regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13173540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T21:47:38Z","timestamp":1630964858000},"page":"3540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Multidimensional Assessment of Lake Water Ecosystem Services Using Remote Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Donghui","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"},{"name":"Technology Innovation Center for Land Spatial Eco-Restoration in the Metropolitan Area, MNR, Shanghai 200003, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0048-6958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yishao","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"Technology Innovation Center for Land Spatial Eco-Restoration in the Metropolitan Area, MNR, Shanghai 200003, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5437-4073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiusheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1131946","article-title":"Ecology. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Research Needs","volume":"314","author":"Carpenter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106418","article-title":"Identification of Ecosystem Services Supply and Demand Areas and Simulation of Ecosystem Service Flows in Shanghai","volume":"115","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maltby, E. (2009). Functional Assessment of Wetlands: Towards Evaluation of Ecosystem Services, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439829141"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2012.08.012","article-title":"An Evaluation of Monetary and Non-Monetary Techniques for Assessing the Importance of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services to People in Countries with Developing Economies","volume":"83","author":"Christie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, D., Shi, Y., Wu, Q., and Fang, R. (2020). Multidimensional Assessment of Food Provisioning Ecosystem Services Using Remote Sensing and Agricultural Statistics. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12233955"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2013.06.047","article-title":"Bringing Ecosystem Services into Integrated Water Resources Management","volume":"129","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-7065(02)00091-8","article-title":"Can Integrated Water Resources Management Sustain the Provision of Ecosystem Goods and Services?","volume":"27","author":"Jewitt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth Parts A\/B\/C"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2011.07.007","article-title":"Ecosystem Service Evaluation to Support Land-Use Policy","volume":"154","author":"Viglizzo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2009.11.032","article-title":"Determining When Payments Are an Effective Policy Approach to Ecosystem Service Provision","volume":"69","author":"Kemkes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1890\/07-1537.1","article-title":"Ecosystem Services and Economic Theory: Integration for Policy-Relevant Research","volume":"18","author":"Fisher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin-Ortega, J., Ferrier, R.C., Gordon, I.J., and Khan, S. (2015). Water Ecosystem Services: A Global Perspective, UNESCO Publishing.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781316178904"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-16-69-2012","article-title":"Modelling Water Provision as an Ecosystem Service in a Large East African River Basin","volume":"16","author":"Notter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000058","article-title":"Valuing Drinking Water Provision as an Ecosystem Service in the Neuse River Basin","volume":"136","author":"Elsin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Resour. Plan. Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Alles, D.L. (2005). Freshwater Shortage and Desertification, Western Washington University."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"16","article-title":"Draining our future: The growing shortage of freshwater","volume":"42","author":"Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"Futurist"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6312","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011615108","article-title":"Urban Growth, Climate Change, and Freshwater Availability","volume":"108","author":"McDonald","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bundschuh, J., and Hoinkis, J. (2012). Addressing Freshwater Shortage with Renewable Energies. Renewable Energy Applications for Freshwater Production (Sustainable Energy Developments), CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b12521"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9803","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL078789","article-title":"Global Freshwater Availability below Normal Conditions and Population Impact under 1.5 and 2 C Stabilization Scenarios","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2021, February 14). Water Scarcity Clock. Available online: https:\/\/worldwater.io\/?utm_source=google&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=WaterscarcityData&campaignid=6444167483&adgroupid=77198318295&adid=376808482557&gclid=CjwKCAiAsaOBBhA4EiwAo0_AnI32R_7Cm_NmELQKP-apGtLWcdkRD710UtZh2BD5LKXZpU_z1YUJMhoCbBUQAvD_BwE."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2021, February 14). Global Water Report 2018\u2014CDP. Available online: https:\/\/www.cdp.net\/en\/research\/global-reports\/global-water-report-2018?cid=309699438&adgpid=50349551406&itemid=&targid=kwd-296810757968&mt=b&loc=9013447&ntwk=g&dev=c&dmod=&adp=&gclid=CjwKCAiAsaOBBhA4EiwAo0_AnNBpljwdcyKViu2Lk60LHLvdB1yWclwzEW-QUAa6jWFwLba62yODshoCuhoQAvD_BwE."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2015.06.007","article-title":"Freshwater Ecosystem Services Supporting Humans: Pivoting from Water Crisis to Water Solutions","volume":"34","author":"Green","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, S., Guan, Y., Khan, F., and Khan, Z. (2020). A Comprehensive Index for Measuring Water Security in an Urbanizing World: The Case of Pakistan\u2019s Capital. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12010166"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"443","article-title":"Ecosystem Services and Their Valuation of Terrestrial Surface Water System in China","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian J. Nat. Prod. Resour."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2016.04.008","article-title":"Assessing Water Ecosystem Services for Water Resource Management","volume":"61","author":"Grizzetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2016.12.010","article-title":"Theory and Practice of Water Ecosystem Services Valuation: Where Are We Going?","volume":"23","author":"Hackbart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8009(98)00020-2","article-title":"The Value of the World\u2019s Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital","volume":"25","author":"Costanza","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wre.2014.10.003","article-title":"Experimental Valuation of Dutch Water Resources according to SNA and SEEA","volume":"7","author":"Edens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Resour. Econ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.11.066","article-title":"Analysis of the Uncertainty in the Monetary Valuation of Ecosystem Services\u2014A Case Study at the River Basin Scale","volume":"543","author":"Boithias","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2005.09.023","article-title":"Linking Ecological Footprints with Ecosystem Valuation in the Provisioning of Urban Freshwater","volume":"59","author":"Jenerette","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2012.02.002","article-title":"Defining and Classifying Ecosystem Services for Economic Valuation: The Case of Forest Water Services","volume":"19\u201320","author":"Ojea","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Odum, H.T. (1996). Environmental Accounting: Energy and Environmental Decision Making, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s100210000005","article-title":"The Energetic Basis for Valuation of Ecosystem Services","volume":"3","author":"Odum","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2011.04.022","article-title":"Ecosystem Services as a Counterpart of Energy Flows to Ecosystems","volume":"222","author":"Pulselli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.04.015","article-title":"Ecosystem Services Assessment Based on Energy Accounting in Chongming Island, Eastern China","volume":"105","author":"Zhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2004.01.011","article-title":"The Application of Ecosystems Services Criteria for Green Building Assessment","volume":"77","author":"Olgyay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"105","article-title":"Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services: The Ecological Foundation of Human Society","volume":"30","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8529","DOI":"10.1021\/es300157u","article-title":"Quantifying and Mapping Ecosystem Services Supplies and Demands: A Review of Remote Sensing Applications","volume":"46","author":"Ayanu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.01.007","article-title":"Remote Sensing of Ecosystem Services: A Systematic Review","volume":"52","author":"Atkinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-010-0428-y","article-title":"Remote Sensing of Ecosystem Services: An Opportunity for Spatially Explicit Assessment","volume":"20","author":"Feng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133314528942","article-title":"Potential Contributions of Remote Sensing to Ecosystem Service Assessments","volume":"38","author":"Andrew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106182","article-title":"Remote Sensing for Mapping Ecosystem Services to Support Evaluation of Ecological Restoration Interventions in an Arid Landscape","volume":"113","author":"Willemen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2004)054[0535:LRIEAO]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Landsat\u2019s Role in Ecological Applications of Remote Sensing","volume":"54","author":"Cohen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2011.06.019","article-title":"Mapping Ecosystem Service Supply, Demand and Budgets","volume":"21","author":"Burkhard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Alcamo, J. (2003). Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (Program). Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: A Framework for Assessment, Island Press."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2005.04.005","article-title":"Spatial Scales, Stakeholders and the Valuation of Ecosystem Services","volume":"57","author":"Hein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Prosser, I., Crossman, N., Mahoney, J., Rustomji, P., Chen, Y., Brown, A., Robson, B., Sherman, B., Sims, N., and Jolly, I. (2012). Assessment of the Ecological and Economic Benefits of Environmental Water in the Murray--Darling Basin: The Final Report to the Murray\u2014Darling Basin Authority from the CSIRO Multiple Benefits of the Basin Plan Project, CSIRO."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2013.03.003","article-title":"Trade-Offs across Value-Domains in Ecosystem Services Assessment","volume":"37","author":"Montes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2020.101073","article-title":"Energy-Based Ecosystem Services Valuation and Classification Management Applied to China\u2019s Grasslands","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02856820","article-title":"Valuation of Ecosystem Services for Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province from 2001 to 2003 by Remote Sensing Data","volume":"16","author":"Xin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2013.09.018","article-title":"Accounting for Capacity and Flow of Ecosystem Services: A Conceptual Model and a Case Study for Telemark, Norway","volume":"36","author":"Barton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-015-0200-x","article-title":"The Significance of Geosystem and Landscape Concepts for the Assessment of Ecosystem Services: Exemplified in a Case Study in Russia","volume":"30","author":"Bastian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1740","article-title":"The Value of Ecosystem Services in China","volume":"37","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Resour. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2017.06.010","article-title":"Dynamic Changes in the Value of China\u2019s Ecosystem Services","volume":"26","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2008.12.001","article-title":"A GIS-Based Approach for Mapping Direct Use Value of Ecosystem Services at a County Scale: Management Implications","volume":"68","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2014.08.009","article-title":"Ecosystem Service Trade-Offs from Supply to Social Demand: A Landscape-Scale Spatial Analysis","volume":"132","author":"Castro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2014.06.014","article-title":"Capturing Multiple Values of Ecosystem Services Shaped by Environmental Worldviews: A Spatial Analysis","volume":"145","author":"Kyle","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2016.11.008","article-title":"Integrating Spatial Valuation of Ecosystem Services into Regional Planning and Development","volume":"26","author":"Tammi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8395","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8395","article-title":"Spatial Analysis, Local People\u2019s Perception and Economic Valuation of Wetland Ecosystem Services in the Usumacinta Floodplain, Southern Mexico","volume":"8","author":"Ghermandi","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.122301","article-title":"Residents\u2019 Willingness to Pay for Ecosystem Services and Its Influencing Factors: A Study of the Xin\u2019an River Basin","volume":"268","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2013.02.017","article-title":"Valuation of Ecosystem Services Provided by Coastal Wetlands in Northwest Mexico","volume":"78","author":"Ghermandi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2015.04.007","article-title":"How Remote Sensing Supports Mangrove Ecosystem Service Valuation: A Case Study in Ca Mau Province, Vietnam","volume":"14","author":"Kuenzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, X., Johnson, B.A., Luo, P., Yang, K., Dong, L., Wang, Q., Liu, C., Li, N., Lu, H., and Ma, L. (2021). Estimation of Urban Ecosystem Services Value: A Case Study of Chengdu, Southwestern China. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13020207"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"(2021, February 09). Wikipedia Contributors List of Lakes of Minnesota. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Minnesota&oldid=1005497479."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"(2021, September 02). Lakes, Rivers, and Wetlands Facts. Available online: https:\/\/www.dnr.state.mn.us\/faq\/mnfacts\/water.html."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"(2021, February 12). Minnesota Department of Agriculture. Available online: https:\/\/www.mda.state.mn.us\/."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"(2021, February 10). Lakes Data for Minnesota. Available online: http:\/\/www.mngeo.state.mn.us\/chouse\/water_lakes.html."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.06.031","article-title":"Google Earth Engine: Planetary-Scale Geospatial Analysis for Everyone","volume":"202","author":"Gorelick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20584","article-title":"High-Resolution Mapping of Global Surface Water and Its Long-Term Changes","volume":"540","author":"Pekel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Peterson, B.J. (2000). Bureau of Economic Analysis. Choice, 37."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"(2021, May 07). Minnesota Population 2021. Available online: https:\/\/worldpopulationreview.com\/states\/minnesota-population."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"(2021, May 07). Minnesota Population 1900\u20132020. Available online: https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/states\/minnesota\/population."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"(2021, May 07). Minnesota\u2014Real GDP 2000\u20132020. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/187901\/gdp-of-the-us-federal-state-of-minnesota-since-1997\/."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"(2021, May 07). Wikipedia Contributors Economy of Minnesota. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Economy_of_Minnesota&oldid=1009615985."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"(2021, May 07). Minnesota Had the 22nd Fastest Growing State Economy in 2018. Available online: https:\/\/www.americanexperiment.org\/minnesota-had-the-22nd-fastest-growing-state-economy-in-2018\/."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s13157-015-0731-6","article-title":"Delineation and Quantification of Wetland Depressions in the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wetlands"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"(2021, February 10). Google Books. Available online: https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Geospatial_Analysis\/SULMdT8qPwEC?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"(2021, February 15). Geospatial Analysis 6th Edition. Available online: https:\/\/spatialanalysisonline.com\/HTML\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"(2021, May 07). Lake Hydrology Program. Available online: https:\/\/www.dnr.state.mn.us\/waters\/surfacewater_section\/lake_hydro\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (2021, May 07). Minnesota\u2019s Water Supply: Natural Conditions and Human Impacts. Retrieved from the University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy. Available online: https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/11299\/189291."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125009","article-title":"The Human Dimension of Water Availability: Influence of Management Rules on Water Supply for Irrigated Agriculture and the Environment","volume":"588","author":"Steinfeld","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1963(05)80040-0","article-title":"Agriculture and Wildlife: Ecological Implications of Subsurface Irrigation Drainage","volume":"28","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2007.05.007","article-title":"Impact of Small Dams on Agriculture and Groundwater Development: A Case Study from Pakistan","volume":"92","author":"Ashraf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.01.059","article-title":"Effect of Irrigation-Drainage Unit on Phosphorus Interception in Paddy Field System","volume":"235","author":"Hua","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"(2021, February 19). Wikipedia Contributors Ecosystem. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Ecosystem&oldid=998833149."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18619","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1215991109","article-title":"Linking Water Quality and Well-Being for Improved Assessment and Valuation of Ecosystem Services","volume":"109","author":"Keeler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.1002\/2016WR019445","article-title":"Lake and Wetland Ecosystem Services Measuring Water Storage and Local Climate Regulation","volume":"53","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/17\/3540\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:57:20Z","timestamp":1760165840000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/17\/3540"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13173540"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13173540","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]}}}