{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T16:54:02Z","timestamp":1770915242926,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Micro-motion parameters extraction is crucial in recognizing ballistic missiles with a wideband radar. It is known that the phase-derived range (PDR) method can provide a sub-wavelength level accuracy. However, it is sensitive and unstable when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is low. In this paper, an improved PDR method is proposed to reduce the impacts of low SNRs. First, the high range resolution profile (HRRP) is divided into a series of segments so that each segment contains a single scattering point. Then, the peak values of each segment are viewed as non-stationary signals, which are further decomposed into a series of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) with different energy, using the ensemble empirical mode decomposition with the complementary adaptive noise (EEMDCAN) method. In the EEMDCAN decomposition, positive and negative adaptive noise pairs are added to each IMF layer to effectively eliminate the mode-mixing phenomenon that exists in the original empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method. An energy threshold is designed to select proper IMFs to reconstruct the envelop for high estimation accuracy and low noise effects. Finally, the least-square algorithm is used to do the ambiguous phases unwrapping to obtain the micro-curve, which can be further used to estimate the micro-motion parameters of the warhead. Simulation results show that the proposed method performs well with SNR at \u22125 dB with an accuracy level of sub-wavelength.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13173545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T21:47:38Z","timestamp":1630964858000},"page":"3545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Micro-Motion Parameter Extraction for Ballistic Missile with Wideband Radar Using Improved Ensemble EMD Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4038-3053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nannan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiyou","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenzhen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Automatic Target Recognition Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunfan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zengping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuo, Z.Y., Zhou, Y., Du, L., Ren, K., and Li, Y. (2021). A Noise Robust Micro-Range Estimation Method for Precession Cone-Shaped Targets. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13091820"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2019.2928611","article-title":"Efficient Discrimination of Ballistic Targets with Micromotions","volume":"56","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.3003039","article-title":"A High-Accuracy Phase-Derived Velocity Measurement Method for High-Speed Spatial Targets Based on Stepped-Frequency Chirp Signals","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, K., Du, L., Lu, X.F., Zhuo, Z.Y., and Li, L. (2020). Instantaneous Frequency Estimation Based on Modified Kalman Filter for Cone-Shaped Target. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12172766"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, Z.X., Amin, M.G., and Shan, T. (2020). Arm Motion Classification Using Time-Series Analysis of the Spectrogram Frequency Envelopes. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12030454"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Y., Li, X., and Jing, X. (2019). A Mutiscale Residual Attention Network for Multitask Learning of Human Activity Using Radar Micro-Doppler Signatures. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11212584"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3650","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2274478","article-title":"Micromotion Characteristic Acquisition Based on Wideband Radar Phase","volume":"52","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2006.1603402","article-title":"Micro-Doppler effect in radar: Phenomenon, model, and simulation study","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Liu, L.H., Zhuang, W., and Hu, W.D. (2006, January 16\u201319). Precession Period Extraction of Ballistic Missile Based on Radar Measurement. Proceedings of the 2006 CIE International Conference on Radar, Shanghai, China."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2870149","article-title":"Micro-Doppler Ambiguity Resolution with Variable Shrinkage Ratio Based on Time-Delayed Cross Correlation Processing for Wideband Radar","volume":"57","author":"Xiong","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Yang, Q., Deng, B., Wang, H.Q., Qin, Y.L., and Ding, W.X. (2014, January 15\u201317). Doppler aliasing free micro-motion parameter estimation algorithm based on the spliced time-frequency image and inverse Radon transform. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communications Technologies (ICT), Nanjing, China."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, R., Lim, H.S., Smits, A.B., Harmanny, R.I.A., and Cifola, L. (2016, January 22\u201325). Improved micro-Doppler features extraction using Smoothed-Pseudo Wigner-Ville distribution. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/TENCON.2016.7848099"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2006.873874","article-title":"A New Approach for Synthesizing Range Profile of Moving Target via Stepped-Frequency Waveforms","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, T., Wang, S.R., Li, M.M., and Chen, R.S. (2020, January 13\u201316). Electromagnetic Analysis and Micro-motion Parameters Extraction of Moving Targets. Proceedings of the 2020 Cross Strait Radio Science & Wireless Technology Conference (CSRSWTC), Fuzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSRSWTC50769.2020.9372628"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"925","article-title":"Using HRRP Sequence to Estimate the Precession Parameters of Mid-course Target","volume":"25","author":"He","year":"2009","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"142","article-title":"Review for Feature Extraction of Ballistic Targets Based on HRRP","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mod. Def. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2474144","article-title":"A Novel High-Precision Phase-Derived-Range Method for Direct Sampling LFM Radar","volume":"54","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0273-1177(01)00395-7","article-title":"Radar Techniques for the Characterization of Meter-Sized Object in Space","volume":"28","author":"Mehrholz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Chen, V.C., and Ling, H. (2002). Time-Frequency Transforms for Radar Image and Signal Analysis, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3392","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2884446","article-title":"A Novel High-Precision Range Estimation Method Based on Phase of Wideband Radar Echo","volume":"57","author":"Xiong","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"267","article-title":"Wideband radar for ballistic missile defense and Range-Doppler imaging for satellites","volume":"12","author":"Camp","year":"2000","journal-title":"Linc. Lab. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130392","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3008480","article-title":"A Method for the Micro-Motion Signal Separation and Micro-Doppler Extraction for the Space Precession Target","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, J.W., Ruan, H.L., and Sun, B. (2020, January 14\u201316). Micro-Doppler Period Estimation of Ballistic Targets Based on Circular Average Magnitude Difference Coefficients. Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Information Science, Parallel and Distributed Systems (ISPDS), Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPDS51347.2020.00022"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1998.0193","article-title":"The empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert spectrum for nonlinear and non-stationary time series analysis","volume":"454","author":"Huang","year":"1988","journal-title":"Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2017.2781711","article-title":"Micro-Doppler Mini-UAV Classification Using Empirical-Mode Decomposition Features","volume":"15","author":"Oh","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.23919\/JSEE.2021.000011","article-title":"NSHV trajectory prediction algorithm based on aerodynamic acceleration EMD decomposition","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Syst. Eng. Electron."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1166\/jmihi.2015.1647","article-title":"ECG Baseline Wander Correction Based on Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Complementary Adaptive Noise","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Imaging Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rilling, G., Flandrin, P., and Goncalves, P. (2003, January 8\u201311). On empirical mode decomposition and its algorithms. Proceedings of the IEEE-EURASIP workshop on Nonlinear Signal and Image Processing NSIP-03, Grado, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2003.821662"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2010.5595607","article-title":"Micro-Doppler signature extraction from ballistic target with micro-motion","volume":"46","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2014.120772","article-title":"Imaging of rotation-symmetric space targets based on electromagnetic modeling","volume":"50","author":"Bai","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2016.2515066","article-title":"Fast non-searching method for maneuvering target detection and motion parameters estimation","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.67.000370","article-title":"Least-Square Fitting a Wave-Front Distortion Estimate to an Array of Phase-Difference Measurements","volume":"67","author":"Fried","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"2227","article-title":"Micro-motion and gemetric parameters estimation of wide-band radar cone-shaped targets based on phase-derived range","volume":"40","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Electron. Inf. Technol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/17\/3545\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:57:27Z","timestamp":1760165847000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/17\/3545"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13173545"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13173545","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]}}}