{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T11:04:52Z","timestamp":1776078292264,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"California Delta Stewardship","award":["W2096-402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W2096-402"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While growth history of vegetation within upland systems is well studied, plant phenology within coastal tidal systems is less understood. Landscape-scale, satellite-derived indicators of plant greenness may not adequately represent seasonality of vegetation biomass and productivity within tidal wetlands due to limitations of cloud cover, satellite temporal frequency, and attenuation of plant signals by tidal flooding. However, understanding plant phenology is necessary to gain insight into aboveground biomass, photosynthetic activity, and carbon sequestration. In this study, we use a modeling approach to estimate plant greenness throughout a year in tidal wetlands located within the San Francisco Bay Area, USA. We used variables such as EVI history, temperature, and elevation to predict plant greenness on a 14-day timestep. We found this approach accurately estimated plant greenness, with larger error observed within more dynamic restored wetlands, particularly at early post-restoration stages. We also found modeled EVI can be used as an input variable into greenhouse gas models, allowing for an estimate of carbon sequestration and gross primary production. Our strategy can be further developed in future research by assessing restoration and management effects on wetland phenological dynamics and through incorporating the entire Sentinel-2 time series once it becomes available within Google Earth Engine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13183589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T21:36:58Z","timestamp":1631223418000},"page":"3589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Potential of Satellite Remote Sensing Time Series to Uncover Wetland Phenology under Unique Challenges of Tidal Setting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5712-945X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gwen Joelle","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3339-3704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iryna","family":"Dronova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy and Management, Rausser College of Natural Resources, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia Y.","family":"Oikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2255-5835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara Helen","family":"Knox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0281-9581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisamarie","family":"Windham-Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Mission Area, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Shahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9901-7643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen","family":"Stuart-Ha\u00ebntjens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center Sacramento, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111383","article-title":"Remote sensing of the terrestrial carbon cycle: A review of advances over 50 years","volume":"233","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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