{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T05:14:25Z","timestamp":1768799665224,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]],"date-time":"2021-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Turbidity impacts the growth and productivity of marine benthic habitats due to light limitation. Daily\/monthly synoptic and tidal influences often drive turbidity fluctuations, however, our understanding of what drives turbidity across seasonal\/interannual timescales is often limited, thus impeding our ability to forecast climate change impacts to ecologically significant habitats. Here, we analysed long term (18-year) MODIS-aqua data to derive turbidity and the associated meteorological and oceanographic (metocean) processes in an arid tropical embayment (Exmouth Gulf in Western Australia) within the eastern Indian Ocean. We found turbidity was associated with El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycles as well as Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events. Winds from the adjacent terrestrial region were also associated with turbidity and an upward trend in turbidity was evident in the body of the gulf over the 18 years. Our results identify hydrological processes that could be affected by global climate cycles undergoing change and reveal opportunities for managers to reduce impacts to ecologically important ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13183616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,12]],"date-time":"2021-09-12T21:48:01Z","timestamp":1631483281000},"page":"3616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Identifying Metocean Drivers of Turbidity Using 18 Years of MODIS Satellite Data: Implications for Marine Ecosystems under Climate Change"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1717-2469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula J.","family":"Cartwright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oceans Graduate School and UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia"},{"name":"ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia"}]},{"given":"Peter R. C. S.","family":"Fearns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3825-9873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Branson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oceans Graduate School and UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Oceans and Atmosphere, CSIRO, Crawley 6009, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1020-6080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael V. W.","family":"Cuttler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oceans Graduate School and UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Wave Energy Research Centre, The University of Western Australia, Albany 6330, Australia"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"O\u2019Leary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oceans Graduate School and UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia"},{"name":"School of Earth Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7160-6865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola K.","family":"Browne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia"}]},{"given":"Ryan J.","family":"Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oceans Graduate School and UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia"},{"name":"ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia"},{"name":"School of Earth Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1149345","article-title":"A Global Map of Human Impact on Marine Ecosystems","volume":"319","author":"Halpern","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04496.x","article-title":"Understanding and managing human threats to the coastal marine environment","volume":"1162","author":"Crain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. 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