{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T01:22:51Z","timestamp":1778808171315,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000844","name":"European Space Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Dragon 4 project id. 32070, \u2018Monitoring Water and Energy Cycles at Climate Scale in the Third Pole Environment (CLIMATE-TPE), Contract No. 4000121168\/17\/I-NB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Dragon 4 project id. 32070, \u2018Monitoring Water and Energy Cycles at Climate Scale in the Third Pole Environment (CLIMATE-TPE), Contract No. 4000121168\/17\/I-NB"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000844","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ALW-GO\/14-29"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALW-GO\/14-29"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["grant no. 41971033, 41675106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant no. 41971033, 41675106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["grant no. 300102298307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant no. 300102298307"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A better understanding of the water and energy cycles at climate scale in the Third Pole Environment is essential for assessing and understanding the causes of changes in the cryosphere and hydrosphere in relation to changes of plateau atmosphere in the Asian monsoon system and for predicting the possible changes in water resources in South and East Asia. This paper reports the following results: (1) A platform of in situ observation stations is briefly described for quantifying the interactions in hydrosphere-pedosphere-atmosphere-cryosphere-biosphere over the Tibetan Plateau. (2) A multiyear in situ L-Band microwave radiometry of land surface processes is used to develop a new microwave radiative transfer modeling system. This new system improves the modeling of brightness temperature in both horizontal and vertical polarization. (3) A multiyear (2001\u20132018) monthly terrestrial actual evapotranspiration and its spatial distribution on the Tibetan Plateau is generated using the surface energy balance system (SEBS) forced by a combination of meteorological and satellite data. (4) A comparison of four large scale soil moisture products to in situ measurements is presented. (5) The trajectory of water vapor transport in the canyon area of Southeast Tibet in different seasons is analyzed, and (6) the vertical water vapor exchange between the upper troposphere and the lower stratosphere in different seasons is presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13183661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T23:32:23Z","timestamp":1631575943000},"page":"3661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Monitoring Water and Energy Cycles at Climate Scale in the Third Pole Environment (CLIMATE-TPE)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zhongbo","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, 7514 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, School of Water and Environment, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaoming","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Land-Atmosphere Interaction and Its Climatic Effects Group, State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3892-5298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuelong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Land-Atmosphere Interaction and Its Climatic Effects Group, State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3445-3860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaohua","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junping","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, 7514 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cunbo","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Land-Atmosphere Interaction and Its Climatic Effects Group, State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanbo","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan G.","family":"Hofste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, 7514 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maoshan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610103, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengna","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, 7514 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaoning","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4334-8042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiqiang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Land-Atmosphere Interaction and Its Climatic Effects Group, State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6296-2198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda J.","family":"Polo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Din\u00e1mica Fluvial e Hidrolog\u00eda, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, 14071 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4071-0512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research\u2014UFZ, Department of Remote Sensing, 04318 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Remote Sensing Centre for Earth System Research, Leipzig University, 04318 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9354-4060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, School of Water and Environment, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, 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