{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T08:25:07Z","timestamp":1769502307607,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42004099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11941002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11941002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1211101022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1211101022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"SUSTech Presidential Postdoctoral Fellowship","award":["2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate relative permittivity is essential to the further analysis of lunar regolith. The traditional hyperbola fitting method for the relative permittivity estimation using the lunar penetrating radar generally ignored the effect of the position and geometry of antennas. This paper proposed a new approach considering the antenna mounting height and spacing in more detail. The proposed method is verified by numerical simulations of the regolith models. Hence the relative permittivity of the lunar regolith is calculated using the latest high-frequency radar image obtained by the Yutu-2 rover within the first 24 lunar days. The simulation results show that the relative permittivity is underestimated when derived by the traditional method, especially at the shallow depth. The proposed method has improved the accuracy of the estimated lunar regolith relative permittivity at a depth of 0\u20133 m, 3\u20136 m, and 6\u201310 m by 35%, 14%, and 9%, respectively. The thickness of the lunar regolith at the Chang\u2019E 4 landing site is reappraised to be 11.1 m, which improved by ~8% compared with previous studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13183679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T12:00:44Z","timestamp":1631707244000},"page":"3679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["A Novel Approach for Permittivity Estimation of Lunar Regolith Using the Lunar Penetrating Radar Onboard Chang\u2019E-4 Rover"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8219-6876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruigang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9405-6245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunyu","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1859-8189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shun","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chendi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6913-7270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zongyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiansheng","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0817-2742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunlai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-4527\/14\/12\/001","article-title":"Preface: The Chang\u2019e-3 lander and rover mission to the Moon","volume":"14","author":"Ip","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. 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