{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T01:51:55Z","timestamp":1783043515940,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41971374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971374"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B200202016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B200202016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20180009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20180009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plant phenology is one of the key regulators of ecosystem processes, which are sensitive to environmental change. The acceleration of urbanization in recent years has produced substantial impacts on vegetation phenology over urban areas, such as the local warming induced by the urban heat island effect. However, quantitative contributions of the difference of land surface temperature (LST) between urban and rural (\u0394LST) and other factors to the difference of spring phenology (i.e., the start of growing season, SOS) between urban and rural (\u0394SOS) were rarely reported. Therefore, the objective of this study is to explore impacts of urbanization on SOS and distinguish corresponding contributions. Using Hangzhou, a typical subtropical metropolis, as the study area, vegetation index-based phenology data (MCD12Q2 and MYD13Q1 EVI) and land surface temperature data (MYD11A2 LST) from 2006\u20132018 were adopted to analyze the urban\u2013rural gradient in phenology characteristics through buffers. Furthermore, we exploratively quantified the contributions of the \u0394LST to the \u0394SOS based on a temperature contribution separation model. We found that there was a negative coupling between SOS and LST in over 90% of the vegetated areas in Hangzhou. At the sample-point scale, SOS was weakly, but significantly, negatively correlated with LST at the daytime (R2 = 0.2 and p &lt; 0.01 in rural; R2 = 0.14 and p &lt; 0.05 in urban) rather than that at nighttime. Besides, the \u0394SOS dominated by the \u0394LST contributed more than 70% of the total \u0394SOS. We hope this study could help to deepen the understanding of responses of urban ecosystem to intensive human activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13183684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T12:00:44Z","timestamp":1631707244000},"page":"3684","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Quantification of Urban Heat Island-Induced Contribution to Advance in Spring Phenology: A Case Study in Hangzhou, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1513-535X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingying","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrology and Water Resources College, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4067-298X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrology and Water Resources College, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China"},{"name":"National Earth System Science Data Center, National Science & Technology Infrastructure of China, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenfeng","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengsheng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrology and Water Resources College, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrology and Water Resources College, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2004.01059.x","article-title":"Responses of spring phenology to climate change","volume":"162","author":"Badeck","year":"2004","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.04.030","article-title":"The mixed pixel effect in land surface phenology: A simulation study","volume":"211","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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