{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T12:46:30Z","timestamp":1770727590369,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009675","name":"Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, State Government of Victoria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["345963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["345963"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009675","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016056","name":"Minderoo Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TI_ANU001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TI_ANU001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016056","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE150101870"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE150101870"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ability to measure and monitor wildlife populations is important for species management and conservation. The use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to rapidly detect physiological traits from wildlife scat and other body materials could play an important role in the conservation of species. Previous research has demonstrated the potential for NIRS to detect diseases such as the novel COVID-19 from saliva, parasites from feces, and numerous other traits from animal skin, hair, and scat, such as cortisol metabolites, diet quality, sex, and reproductive status, that may be useful for population monitoring. Models developed from NIRS data use light reflected from a sample to relate the variation in the sample\u2019s spectra to variation in a trait, which can then be used to predict that trait in unknown samples based on their spectra. The modelling process involves calibration, validation, and evaluation. Data sampling, pre-treatments, and the selection of training and testing datasets can impact model performance. We review the use of NIRS for measuring physiological traits in animals that may be useful for wildlife management and conservation and suggest future research to advance the application of NIRS for this purpose.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13183699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T03:47:35Z","timestamp":1632282455000},"page":"3699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Application of NIRS to Determine Animal Physiological Traits for Wildlife Management and Conservation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Laura R.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra 2600, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9699-8033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen J.","family":"Marsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra 2600, Australia"}]},{"given":"Douglas R.","family":"Tolleson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Sonora, TX 76950, USA"}]},{"given":"Kara N.","family":"Youngentob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra 2600, Australia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.2981\/0909-6396(2006)12[109:ROCMIL]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Risk of capture-related mortality in large free-ranging mammals: Experiences from Scandinavia","volume":"12","author":"Arnemo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Wildl. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2009.02699.x","article-title":"Advancing ecological understandings through technological transformations in noninvasive genetics","volume":"9","author":"Oliveira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1007\/s00477-019-01745-4","article-title":"Value of information in multiple criteria decision making: An application to forest conservation","volume":"33","author":"Eyvindson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1071\/WR12014","article-title":"Publish or perish: Why it\u2019s important to publicise how, and if, research activities affect animals","volume":"39","author":"McMahon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1071\/WR01109","article-title":"Identifying the presence of quokkas (Setonix brachyurus) and other macropods using cytochrome b analyses from faeces","volume":"30","author":"Alacs","year":"2003","journal-title":"Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(99)01637-7","article-title":"Noninvasive genetic sampling: Look before you leap","volume":"14","author":"Taberlet","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(97)01050-1","article-title":"Facts from feces revisited","volume":"12","author":"Kohn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1006\/hbeh.2001.1711","article-title":"Seasonal Changes of Reproductive Behavior and Fecal Steroid Concentrations in P\u00e8re David\u2019s Deer","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1343.005","article-title":"Noninvasive Monitoring of Hormones in Bird Droppings: Physiological Validation, Sampling, Extraction, Sex Differences, and the Influence of Diet on Hormone Metabolite Levels","volume":"1046","author":"Goymann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiedower, E.E., Kouba, A.J., Vance, C.K., Hansen, R.L., Stuth, J.W., and Tolleson, D.R. (2012). Fecal Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Discriminate Physiological Status in Giant Pandas. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038908"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pilotte, N., Zaky, W.I., Abrams, B.P., Chadee, D.D., and Williams, S. (2016). A Novel Xenomonitoring Technique Using Mosquito Excreta\/Feces for the Detection of Filarial Parasites and Malaria. PLOS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004641"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.2111\/REM-D-13-00112.1","article-title":"Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Fecal Chemistry as Predictors of the Diet Composition of White-Tailed Deer","volume":"67","author":"Jean","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rangel. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2008.02352.x","article-title":"New perspectives in diet analysis based on DNA barcoding and parallel pyrosequencing: ThetrnL approach","volume":"9","author":"Valentini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s004420050591","article-title":"Ecological applications of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy-a tool for rapid, cost-effective prediction of the composition of plant and animal tissues and aspects of animal performance","volume":"116","author":"Foley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.2111\/08-235.1","article-title":"Effect of Previous Experience on Grazing Patterns and Diet Selection of Brangus Cows in the Chihuahuan Desert","volume":"63","author":"Bailey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rangel. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040470010000579","article-title":"Utilizing faecal near infrared spectroscopy to improve nutritional management of grazing cattle in the tropics of northern Australia","volume":"1","author":"Dixon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1017\/S175173111500169X","article-title":"Faecal near-IR spectroscopy to determine the nutritional value of diets consumed by beef cattle in east Mediterranean rangelands","volume":"10","author":"Landau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"701","article-title":"Predictability of growth performance in feedlot cattle using fecal near infrared spectroscopy","volume":"97","author":"Jancewicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2016.0845","article-title":"Application of fecal near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy profiling for the prediction of diet nutritional characteristics and voluntary intake in beef cattle","volume":"95","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2019.117400","article-title":"Use of near-infrared spectroscopy for the rapid evaluation of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merri.] water soluble protein content","volume":"224","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(99)75484-6","article-title":"Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Dairy Management: Measurement of Unhomogenized Milk Composition","volume":"82","author":"Tsenkova","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1366\/0003702042336000","article-title":"Quantifying Ethanol Content of Beer Using Interpretive Near-Infrared Spectroscopy","volume":"58","author":"Engelhard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1039\/C7AY02998E","article-title":"Portable near infrared spectroscopy applied to abuse drugs and medicine analyses","volume":"10","author":"Correia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-4488(94)00026-4","article-title":"Fecal NIRS equations to assess diet quality of free-ranging goats","volume":"15","author":"Leite","year":"1995","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"248","article-title":"Excretal Near Infrared Reflectance Spectrometry to Monitor the Nutrient Content of Diets of Grazing Young Ostriches (Struthio Camelus)","volume":"36","author":"Landau","year":"2006","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.2111\/04-069.1","article-title":"Predicting Diet Quality of White-Tailed Deer via NIRS Fecal Profiling","volume":"59","author":"Showers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rangel. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2006-817","article-title":"A fecal near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy-aided methodology to determine goat dietary composition in a Mediterranean shrubland1","volume":"86","author":"Glasser","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-009-9372-z","article-title":"Rapid Assessment of the Nutritional Value of Foods Eaten by Mountain Gorillas: Applying Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy to Primatology","volume":"30","author":"Rothman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-013-2808-3","article-title":"Feeding rates of a mammalian browser confirm the predictions of a \u2018foodscape\u2019 model of its habitat","volume":"174","author":"Marsh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2019.117585","article-title":"A nutritional mechanism underpinning folivore occurrence in disturbed forests","volume":"453","author":"Au","year":"2019","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1255\/jnirs.1199","article-title":"Near Infrared Spectroscopy in Wildlife and Biodiversity","volume":"24","author":"Vance","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Near Infrared Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2960-z","article-title":"Detection of Plasmodium berghei infected Anopheles stephensi using near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"11","author":"Blagborough","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.09.018","article-title":"Fecal NIRS: Detection of tick infestations in cattle and horses","volume":"144","author":"Tolleson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab096.041","article-title":"Determination of Sex in Ungulate Herbivores via near Infrared Spectroscopy of Hair: Growing Cattle as a Surrogate Model","volume":"99","author":"Tolleson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2004.06.020","article-title":"Determination of sex and species in red and fallow deer by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy of the faeces","volume":"57","author":"Tolleson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-39.3.499","article-title":"Chronological age-grading of house flies by using near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"39","author":"Dowell","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. \u00c8ntomol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3442","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-5066","article-title":"Detection of Pregnancy in Arizona Range Cattle Using near Infrared Spectroscopy of Feces","volume":"90","author":"Tolleson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1039\/c0ay00333f","article-title":"Near infrared spectroscopy of urine proves useful for estimating ovulation in giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)","volume":"2","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-015-0501-3","article-title":"Detection of urinary estrogen conjugates and creatinine using near infrared spectroscopy in Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)","volume":"57","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2015","journal-title":"Primates"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Tallo-Parra, O., Albanell, E., Carbajal, A., Moncl\u00fas, L., Sabes-Alsina, M., Riba, C., Martin, M., Abell\u00f3, M., and Lopez-Bejar, M. (2015, January 12\u201314). Prediction of Faecal Cortisol Metabolites from Western Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla Gorilla Gorilla) by near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS). Proceedings of the 5th ISWE CONFERENCE, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1177\/0003702817710295","article-title":"Prediction of Cortisol and Progesterone Concentrations in Cow Hair Using Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS)","volume":"71","author":"Albanell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10483","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.7851","article-title":"Using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to estimate carbon and nitrogen stable isotope composition in animal tissues","volume":"11","author":"Tarroux","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.4995\/wrs.2013.1148","article-title":"NIRS of body and tissues in growing rabbits fed diets with different fat sources and supplemented with Curcuma longa","volume":"21","author":"Peiretti","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Rabbit Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-013-2616-9","article-title":"A faecal index of diet quality that predicts reproductive success in a marsupial folivore","volume":"173","author":"Windley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-50532003000200006","article-title":"Near Infrared Spectroscopy: Fundamentals, practical aspects and analytical applications","volume":"14","author":"Pasquini","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1255\/jnirs.822","article-title":"Review: Near Infrared Spectroscopy of Faeces to Evaluate the Nutrition and Physiology of Herbivores","volume":"17","author":"Dixon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Near Infrared Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00084-4","article-title":"Spectroscopic Determination of Leaf Biochemistry Using Band-Depth Analysis of Absorption Features and Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression","volume":"67","author":"Kokaly","year":"1999","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Shenk, J.S., Workman, J.J., and Westerhaus, M.O. (2020). Application of NIR Spectroscopy to Agricultural Products. Handbook of Near-Infrared Analysis, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3165","DOI":"10.1890\/09-1714.1","article-title":"Palatability mapping: A koala\u2019s eye view of spatial variation in habitat quality","volume":"91","author":"Moore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2013.04.014","article-title":"Advanced applications of hyperspectral imaging technology for food quality and safety analysis and assessment: A review\u2014Part I: Fundamentals","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Tolleson, D.R., Teel, P.D., Carstens, G.E., and Welsh, T.H. (2012). The physiology of tick-induced stress in grazing animals. Ticks: Disease, Management and Control, Nova Science Publishers, Inc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1198\/tech.2001.s596","article-title":"Chemometrics: Statistics and Computer Application in Analytical Chemistry","volume":"43","author":"Ziegel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N\u00e6s, T., Isaksson, T., Fearn, T., and Davies, T. (2017). A User-Friendly Guide to Multivariate Calibration and Classification, IM Publications Open LLP.","DOI":"10.1255\/978-1-906715-25-0"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021900200047604","article-title":"Soft Modelling by Latent Variables: The Non-Linear Iterative Partial Least Squares (NIPALS) Approach","volume":"12","author":"Wold","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Appl. Probab."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci1991.0011183X003100060034x","article-title":"Populations Structuring of Near Infrared Spectra and Modified Partial Least Squares Regression","volume":"31","author":"Shenk","year":"1991","journal-title":"Crop. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-006-9088-x","article-title":"Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy is a Rapid, Cost-Effective Predictor of Seagrass Nutrients","volume":"32","author":"Lawler","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1366\/000370206778397506","article-title":"Use of Artificial Neural Networks in Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy Calibrations for Predicting the Inclusion Percentages of Wheat and Sunflower Meal in Compound Feedingstuffs","volume":"60","author":"Guerrero","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/cem.773","article-title":"Centering and scaling in component analysis","volume":"17","author":"Bro","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Chemom."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1366\/0003702854248656","article-title":"Linearization and Scatter-Correction for Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectra of Meat","volume":"39","author":"Geladi","year":"1985","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1366\/0003702894202201","article-title":"Standard Normal Variate Transformation and De-Trending of Near-Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectra","volume":"43","author":"Barnes","year":"1989","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60214a047","article-title":"Smoothing and Differentiation of Data by Simplified Least Squares Procedures","volume":"36","author":"Savitzky","year":"1964","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1177\/0967033520902536","article-title":"Sample selection, calibration and validation of models developed from a large dataset of near infrared spectra of tree leaves","volume":"28","author":"Au","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Near Infrared Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Suykens, J.A.K. (2002). Leave-one-out error and stability of learning algorithms with applications. Advances in Learning Theory: Methods, Models, and Applications, IOS Press."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2011.00149.x","article-title":"Using imaging spectroscopy to estimate integrated measures of foliage nutritional quality","volume":"3","author":"Youngentob","year":"2011","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"42","article-title":"Detection of Paratuberculosis in Dairy Cattle via near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy of Feces","volume":"85","author":"Anderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1255\/nirn.1510","article-title":"Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy Studies of Chinese Giant Salamanders in Aquaculture Production","volume":"26","author":"Vance","year":"2015","journal-title":"NIR News"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1071\/WR15183","article-title":"The relationship between physiological stress and wildlife disease: Consequences for health and conservation","volume":"43","author":"Hing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.1988.tb00334.x","article-title":"The Impact of Infection and Disease on Animal Populations: Implications for Conservation Biology","volume":"2","author":"Scott","year":"1988","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.4172\/jpb.1000452","article-title":"The Cortisol Steroid Levels as a Determinant of Health Status in Animals","volume":"10","author":"Andrew","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Proteomics Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.07.024","article-title":"Comparison of antigen detection and quantitative PCR in the detection of chlamydial infection in koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus)","volume":"195","author":"Hanger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2010.04.003","article-title":"Measuring cortisol in hair and saliva from dogs: Coat color and pigment differences","volume":"39","author":"Bennett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sachsenr\u00f6der, J., Twardziok, S., Hammerl, J.A., Janczyk, P., Wrede, P., Hertwig, S., and Johne, R. (2012). Simultaneous Identification of DNA and RNA Viruses Present in Pig Faeces Using Process-Controlled Deep Sequencing. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034631"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13027","article-title":"New Micro-amount of Virion Enrichment Technique (Mi VET ) to detect influenza A virus in the duck faeces","volume":"66","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Norby, B., Tolleson, D., Ball, G., Jordan, E., and Stuth, J. Near Infrared Spectroscopy: A New Approach to Diagnosis of Paratuberculosis in Cattle. Proceedings of the International Epidemiology Conference, Cairns, Australia. Available online: http:\/\/www.sciquest.org.nz\/node\/64094."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"txab108","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txab108","article-title":"Evaluation of non-invasive bioforensic techniques for determining the age of hot-iron brand burn scars in cattle","volume":"5","author":"Tolleson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"1394","article-title":"Nir Spectroscopy and Electronic Nose Evaluation on Live Rabbits and on the Meat of Rabbits Fed Increasing Levels of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) Seeds","volume":"7","author":"Masoero","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Vet. Adv."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Tolleson, D.R., Hollingsworth, K., and Barboza, P.S. (2020, January 20). Determination of Species and Sex in Deer via near Infrared Spectroscopy of Liver Tissue. Proceedings of the Society for Range Management Annual Meetings, Denver, CO, USA."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa278.217","article-title":"157 Spectroscopic analysis of tissues collected from male goats differing in genetic propensity to consume juniper","volume":"98","author":"Tolleson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c04049","article-title":"Fast Screening and Primary Diagnosis of COVID-19 by ATR\u2013FT-IR","volume":"93","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17239","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.202104453","article-title":"Infrared Based Saliva Screening Test for COVID-19","volume":"133","author":"Wood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"85","article-title":"Introduction to Population Genetics","volume":"3","author":"Kimura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evol. Hum. Genome I"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"495","article-title":"Fecal Near Infrared Reflectance FNIR Spectroscopy for Discrimination of Species and Gender for Amur Leopards and Snow Leopards","volume":"1438","author":"Vance","year":"2013","journal-title":"NIR-2013 Proc."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsaa131","article-title":"Age estimation of red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) using FT-NIR spectroscopy: Feasibility of application to production ageing for management","volume":"77","author":"Passerotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1071\/MF15104","article-title":"Novel method for shark age estimation using near infrared spectroscopy","volume":"67","author":"Rigby","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Freshw. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.112.003103","article-title":"Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Resolve the Species, Gender, Age, and the Presence of Wolbachia Infection in Laboratory-Reared Drosophila","volume":"2","author":"Aw","year":"2012","journal-title":"G3 Genes Genomes Genet."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5274","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22712-z","article-title":"Monitoring the Age of Mosquito Populations Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy","volume":"8","author":"Lambert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1079\/BER2005357","article-title":"Sex separation of tsetse fly pupae using near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"95","author":"Dowell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull. \u00c8ntomol. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-90-2-228","article-title":"Chitin Synthase in Mortierella vinacea: Properties, Cellular Location and Synthesis in Growing Cultures","volume":"90","author":"Peberdy","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"21","article-title":"Determination of Reproductive Status in Dairy Cattle Using near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy of Feces","volume":"79","author":"Tolleson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/jen.12732","article-title":"Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for taxonomic entomology: A brief review","volume":"144","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. \u00c8ntomol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2003.09.026","article-title":"Prediction of chemical composition and origin identification of european sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS)","volume":"86","author":"Xiccato","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Benson, I.M., and Barnett, B.K. (2021, September 12). In Proceedings of the Research Workshop on the Rapid Estimation of Fish Age Using Fourier Transform Near-Infrared Spec-Troscopy (FT-NIRS) Age and Growth Program, September 2019, Available online: https:\/\/www.fisheries.noaa.gov\/alaska\/science-data\/alaska-fisheries-science-center-publications."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1071\/MF13244","article-title":"A novel method for the age estimation of Saddletail snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus) using Fourier Transform-near infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy","volume":"65","author":"Wedding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Freshw. Res."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Robins, J., Wedding, B.B., Wright, C., Grauf, S., Sellin, M., Fowler, A., Saunders, T., and Newman, S. (2015). Fisheries Research & Development Corporation (Australia); Queensland. Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Revolutionising Fish Ageing: Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Age Fish."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1890\/08-0940.1","article-title":"The effects of plant defensive chemistry on nutrient availability predict reproductive success in a mammal","volume":"90","author":"DeGabriel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1890\/08-1435.1","article-title":"Summer dietary nitrogen availability as a potential bottom-up constraint on moose in south-central Alaska","volume":"90","author":"McArt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.2307\/4002970","article-title":"Fecal NIRS Equations for Predicting Diet Quality of Free-Ranging Cattle","volume":"45","author":"Lyons","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Range Manag."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2005.05.009","article-title":"Fecal NIRS prediction of dietary protein percentage and in vitro dry matter digestibility in diets ingested by goats in Mediterranean scrubland","volume":"59","author":"Landau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Tolleson, D., Osborn, R.G., Stuth, J.W., Ginnet, T.F., and Applegath, M.T. (2000, January 5\u20138). Determination of Dietary Tannin Concentration in White-Tailed Deer via Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy of Feces. Proceedings of the National Conference on Grazinglands, Las Vegas, NV, USA."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"76","article-title":"Faecal NIRS to Monitor the Diet of Mediterranean Goats","volume":"34","author":"Landau","year":"2004","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2005.10.017","article-title":"Faecal near infrared reflectance spectroscopy to predict diet quality for sheep","volume":"68","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.2111\/05-193.1","article-title":"Predicting Diet Quality of Donkeys via Fecal-NIRS Calibrations","volume":"61","author":"Kidane","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rangel. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"89","article-title":"Faecal Nitrogen: A Potential Indicator of Red and Roe Deer Diet Quality in Forest Habitats","volume":"54","author":"Kamler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Folia Zool."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.2193\/2007-404","article-title":"Facts From Feces: Nitrogen Still Measures Up as a Nutritional Index for Mammalian Herbivores","volume":"72","author":"Leslie","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(93)77529-3","article-title":"Protein as the First-Limiting Nutrient for Lactating Dairy Cows Fed High Proportions of Good Quality Alfalfa Silage","volume":"76","author":"Dhiman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-008-0960-y","article-title":"A simple, integrative assay to quantify nutritional quality of browses for herbivores","volume":"156","author":"DeGabriel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, H., Levin, N., Seabrook, L., Moore, B.D., and McAlpine, C. (2019). Mapping Foliar Nutrition Using WorldView-3 and WorldView-2 to Assess Koala Habitat Suitability. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11030215"},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"309","article-title":"Near-Infrared Sensing of Pig Manure Nutrients","volume":"Volume 43","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Livestock Environment VII, 18\u201320 May 2005, Beijing, China"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1255\/jnirs.274","article-title":"Determination of Ammonium-N, Moisture, Total C and Total N in Dairy Manures Using a near Infrared Fibre-Optic Spectrometer","volume":"8","author":"Reeves","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Near Infrared Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1255\/jnirs.326","article-title":"Spectroscopic Analysis of Dried Manures. Near- versus Mid-Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Dried Dairy Manures","volume":"10","author":"Reeves","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Near Infrared Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villamuelas, M., Serrano, E., Espunyes, J., Fern\u00e1ndez, N., L\u00f3pez-Olvera, J.R., Garel, M., e Santos, J.P.V., and Parra-Aguado, M. (2017). \u00c1ngeles; Ramanzin, M.; Aguilar, X.F.; et al. Predicting herbivore faecal nitrogen using a multispecies near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy calibration. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176635"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1071\/RJ20071","article-title":"The application of near infrared spectroscopy to predict faecal nitrogen and phosphorus in multiple ruminant herbivore species","volume":"42","author":"Tolleson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rangel. J."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.2307\/4002553","article-title":"Influence of Duration of Exposure to Field Conditions on Viability of Fecal Samples for NIRS Analysis","volume":"47","author":"Leite","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Range Manag."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12422","article-title":"Faecal cortisol metabolites to assess stress in wildlife: Evaluation of a field method in free-ranging chamois","volume":"6","author":"Hadinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2006.00030.x","article-title":"Can Near Infrared Spectroscopy be Used to Improve Assessment of Marine Mammal Diets via Fecal Analysis?","volume":"22","author":"Kaneko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mar. Mammal Sci."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6089","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.6354","article-title":"Anonymous fecal sampling and NIRS studies of diet quality: Problem or opportunity?","volume":"10","author":"Corlatti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1366\/000370206775382839","article-title":"Evaluation of Pretreatment Strategies for Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Calibration Development of Unground and Ground Compound Feedingstuffs","volume":"60","author":"Dardenne","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1051\/forest:2008065","article-title":"Correction of moisture effects on near infrared calibration for the analysis of phenol content in eucalyptus wood extracts","volume":"65","author":"Giordanengo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/ejss.12239","article-title":"Accounting for the effects of water and the environment on proximally sensed vis-NIR soil spectra and their calibrations","volume":"66","author":"Ji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731114003097","article-title":"Predicting feed digestibility from NIRS analysis of pig faeces","volume":"9","author":"Bastianelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/18\/11\/029","article-title":"Comparison of two NIR systems for quantifying kaolinite in Weipa bauxites","volume":"18","author":"McArthur","year":"2007","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/18\/3699\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:00:40Z","timestamp":1760166040000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/18\/3699"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13183699"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13183699","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]}}}