{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T22:38:07Z","timestamp":1768689487523,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NASA Applied Sciences-Water Resources Program","award":["NNH17AE39I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNH17AE39I"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A new approach is proposed to derive evapotranspiration (E) and irrigation requirements by implementing the combination equation models of Penman\u2013Monteith and Shuttleworth and Wallace with surface parameters and resistances derived from Sentinel-2 data. Surface parameters are derived from Sentinel-2 and used as an input in these models; namely: the hemispherical shortwave albedo, leaf area index and water status of the soil and canopy ensemble evaluated by using a shortwave infrared-based index. The proposed approach has been validated with data acquired during the GRAPEX (Grape Remote-sensing Atmospheric Profile and Evapotranspiration eXperiment) in California irrigated vineyards. The E products obtained with the combination equation models are evaluated by using eddy covariance flux tower measurements and are additionally compared with surface energy balance models with Landsat-7 and -8 thermal infrared data. The Shuttleworth and Wallace (S-W S-2) model provides an accuracy comparable to thermal-based methods when using local meteorological data, with daily E errors &lt; 1 mm\/day, which increased from 1 to 1.5 mm\/day using meteorological forcing data from atmospheric models. The advantage of using the S-W S-2 modeling approach for monitoring ET is the high temporal revisit time of the Sentinel-2 satellites and the finer pixel resolution. These results suggest that, by integrating the thermal-based data fusion approach with the S-W S-2 modeling scheme, there is the potential to increase the frequency and reliability of satellite-based daily evapotranspiration products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13183720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T22:35:20Z","timestamp":1632263720000},"page":"3720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Determining Evapotranspiration by Using Combination Equation Models with Sentinel-2 Data and Comparison with Thermal-Based Energy Balance in a California Irrigated Vineyard"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0251-4668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"D\u2019Urso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0134-2574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore Falanga","family":"Bolognesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ariespace s.r.l., Centro Direzionale IS. A3, 80143 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5727-4350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William P.","family":"Kustas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrology and Remote Sensing Lab, USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyle R.","family":"Knipper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainable Agricultural Water Systems (SAWS), USDA ARS, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martha C.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrology and Remote Sensing Lab, USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5344-0980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria M.","family":"Alsina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"E & J Gallo Winery, Winegrowing Research, Modesto, CA 95354, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher R.","family":"Hain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph G.","family":"Alfieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrology and Remote Sensing Lab, USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John H.","family":"Prueger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, USDA ARS, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1865-2846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrology and Remote Sensing Lab, USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lynn G.","family":"McKee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrology and Remote Sensing Lab, USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3797-850X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"De Michele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ariespace s.r.l., Centro Direzionale IS. A3, 80143 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"McElrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Laboratory, USDA ARS, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5060-8781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Bambach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"E & J Gallo Winery, Winegrowing Research, Modesto, CA 95354, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5748-4224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar Rosario","family":"Belfiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2015.00052","article-title":"Costs and benefits of satellite-based tools for irrigation management","volume":"3","author":"Vuolo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. 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