{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T07:06:16Z","timestamp":1778655976775,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41901117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020JJ5362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020JJ5362"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Outstanding Youth Project of Hu\u2019nan Provincial Education Department","award":["18B001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18B001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSRC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSRC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urbanization can induce environmental changes such as the urban heat island effect, which in turn influence the terrestrial ecosystem. However, the effect of urbanization on the phenology of subtropical vegetation remains relatively unexplored. This study analyzed the changing trend of vegetation photosynthetic phenology in Dongting Lake basin, China, and its response to urbanization using nighttime light and chlorophyll fluorescence datasets. Our results indicated the start of the growing season (SOS) of vegetation in the study area was significantly advanced by 0.70 days per year, whereas the end of the growing season (EOS) was delayed by 0.24 days per year during 2000\u20132017. We found that urbanization promoted the SOS advance and EOS delay. With increasing urbanization intensity, the sensitivity of SOS to urbanization firstly increased then decreased, while the sensitivity of EOS to urbanization decreased with urbanization intensity. The climate sensitivity of vegetation phenology varied with urbanization intensity; urbanization induced an earlier SOS by increasing preseason minimum temperatures and a later EOS by increasing preseason precipitation. These findings improve our understanding of the vegetation phenology response to urbanization in subtropical regions and highlight the need to integrate human activities into future vegetation phenology models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13183722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T03:47:35Z","timestamp":1632282455000},"page":"3722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Response of Vegetation Photosynthetic Phenology to Urbanization in Dongting Lake Basin, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mai","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peixin","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2037-8097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changhui","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"},{"name":"Department of Biology Sciences, Institute of Environment Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaolu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Zhu, K.Z., and Wan, M.W. (1999). Phenology, Hunan Education Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12648","article-title":"Phenological response to climate change in China: A meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Ge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15402","article-title":"Declining global warming effects on the phenology of spring leaf unfolding","volume":"526","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14599","article-title":"Short photoperiod reduces the temperature sensitivity of leaf-out in saplings of Fagus sylvatica but not in horse chestnut","volume":"25","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2006.03.006","article-title":"Growing season changes in the last century","volume":"137","author":"Linderholm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15000","article-title":"Climate change fingerprints in recent European plant phenology","volume":"26","author":"Menzel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14619","article-title":"Plant phenology and global climate change: Current progresses and challenges","volume":"25","author":"Piao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2012.09.012","article-title":"Climate change, phenology, and phenological control of vegetation feedbacks to the climate system","volume":"169","author":"Richardson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"3482","article-title":"Phenological characteristics of temperate coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests based on multiple remote sensing vegetation indices, chlorophyll fluorescence and CO2 flux data","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-018-0346-z","article-title":"Contrasting responses of autumn-leaf senescence to daytime and night-time warming","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, P., Liu, Z.L., Zhou, X.L., Xie, B.G., Li, Z.W., Luo, Y.P., Zhu, Q.A., and Peng, C.H. (2021). Combined control of multiple extreme climate stressors on autumn vegetation phenology on the Tibetan Plateau under past and future climate change. Agric. For. Meteorol., 308\u2013309.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2021.108571"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"4953","article-title":"Response of vegetation phenology to drought in Inner Mongolia from 1982 to 2013","volume":"39","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"614","article-title":"Research progress and scientific issues in the field of urbanization","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2011.12.013","article-title":"Urbanization diversifies land surface phenology in arid environments: Interactions among vegetation, climatic variation, and land use pattern in the Phoenix metropolitan region, USA","volume":"105","author":"Buyantuyev","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111477","article-title":"Urbanization and climate change jointly shift land surface phenology in the northern mid-latitude large cities","volume":"236","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-019-1004-1","article-title":"The effect of urbanization on plant phenology depends on regional temperature","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-019-1017-9","article-title":"The urban imprint on plant phenology","volume":"3","author":"Wohlfahrt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4228","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1911117117","article-title":"Urban warming advances spring phenology but reduces the response of phenology to temperature in the conterminous United States","volume":"117","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.02.010","article-title":"Remotely sensed assessment of urbanization effects on vegetation phenology in China\u2019s 32 major cities","volume":"176","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.12551","article-title":"Ecological effects of artificial light at night on wild plants","volume":"104","author":"Bennie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02678","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.2678","article-title":"Effects of artificial light on flowering of foredune vegetation","volume":"100","author":"Hesp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12927","article-title":"Artificial light at night alters grassland vegetation species composition and phenology","volume":"55","author":"Bennie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-006-9354-2","article-title":"Effects of urbanization on plant flowering phenology: A review","volume":"9","author":"Neil","year":"2006","journal-title":"Urban Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40663-021-00309-9","article-title":"Strong controls of daily minimum temperature on the autumn photosynthetic phenology of subtropical vegetation in China","volume":"8","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"For. Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.01.003","article-title":"Urban phenological studies\u2014Past, present, future","volume":"203","author":"Jochner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karkauskaite, P., Tagesson, T., and Fensholt, R. (2017). Evaluation of the Plant Phenology Index (PPI), NDVI and EVI for start-of-season trend analysis of the northern hemisphere boreal zone. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9050485"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-020-0806-0","article-title":"Light limitation regulates the response of autumn terrestrial carbon uptake to warming","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.11.021","article-title":"Application of satellite solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence to understanding large-scale variations in vegetation phenology and function over northern high latitude forests","volume":"190","author":"Jeong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-019-0931-1","article-title":"Urban-rural gradients reveal joint control of elevated CO2 and temperature on extended photosynthetic seasons","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JG005732","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JG005732","article-title":"Globally consistent patterns of asynchrony in vegetation phenology derived from optical, microwave, and fluorescence satellite data","volume":"125","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2979","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13200","article-title":"Satellite chlorophyll fluorescence measurements reveal large-scale decoupling of photosynthesis and greenness dynamics in boreal evergreen forests","volume":"22","author":"Walther","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032053","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/121\/3\/032053","article-title":"Assessment and prediction of land ecological environment quality change based on remote sensing-a case study of the Dongting lake area in China","volume":"121","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2020.108018","article-title":"Global climatic controls on interannual variability of ecosystem productivity: Similarities and differences inferred from solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and enhanced vegetation index","volume":"288","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., and Xiao, J.F. (2019). A global, 0.05-degree product of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence derived from OCO-2, MODIS, and reanalysis data. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11050517"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., and Xiao, J.F. (2019). Mapping photosynthesis solely from solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence: A global, fine-resolution dataset of gross primary production derived from OCO-2. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11212563"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y.Y., Smith, S.J., Zhao, K., Imhoff, M., Thomson, A., Bond-Lamberty, B., Asrar, G.R., Zhang, X.S., He, C.Y., and Elvidge, C.D. (2015). A global map of urban extent from nightlights. Environ. Res. Lett., 10.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/10\/5\/054011"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2949797","article-title":"Building a series of consistent night-time light data (1992\u20132018) in Southeast Asia by integrating DMSP-OLS and NPP-VIIRS","volume":"58","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"204","article-title":"China land cover 2000 using SPOT VGT S10 data","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2009.01910.x","article-title":"Intercomparison, interpretation, and assessment of spring phenology in North America estimated from remote sensing for 1982\u20132006","volume":"15","author":"White","year":"2009","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"4114","article-title":"Land surface phenology tracked by remotely sensed sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence in subtropical evergreen coniferous forests","volume":"40","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.01677","article-title":"Change in autumn vegetation phenology and the climate controls from 1982 to 2012 on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2021.108427","article-title":"Increasing importance of precipitation in spring phenology with decreasing latitudes in subtropical forest area in China","volume":"304","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"759","article-title":"Hierarchical structure and spatial pattern of China\u2019s urban system: Evidence from DMSP\/OLS nightlight data","volume":"69","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12289","article-title":"Has the advancing onset of spring vegetation green-up slowed down or changed abruptly over the last three decades?","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2018.05.006","article-title":"Asymmetric effects of daytime and nighttime warming on spring phenology in the temperate grasslands of China","volume":"259","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2011.00675.x","article-title":"Extension of the growing season due to delayed autumn over mid and high latitudes in North America during 1982\u20132006","volume":"21","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13081","article-title":"Temperature, precipitation, and insolation effects on autumn vegetation phenology in temperate China","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0102","article-title":"Influence of spring and autumn phenological transitions on forest ecosystem productivity","volume":"365","author":"Richardson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2253","article-title":"Net carbon uptake has increased through warming-induced changes in temperate forest phenology","volume":"4","author":"Keenan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06444","article-title":"Net carbon dioxide losses of northern ecosystems in response to autumn warming","volume":"451","author":"Piao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2818","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13562","article-title":"Response of vegetation phenology to urbanization in the conterminous United States","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tai, X.L., Epstein, H.E., and Li, B. (2020). Elevation and climate effects on vegetation greenness in an arid mountain-basin system of Central Asia. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12101665"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01776","article-title":"Post-earthquake ground movements correlated to pore-pressure transients","volume":"424","author":"Jonsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-019-1043-7","article-title":"Phenology and the city","volume":"3","author":"Zohner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.10.014","article-title":"Temporal trend of green space coverage in China and its relationship with urbanization over the last two decades","volume":"442","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.04.034","article-title":"The cooling effect of green spaces as a contribution to the mitigation of urban heat: A case study in Lisbon","volume":"46","author":"Oliveira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, M., Cui, P., and He, X. (2018). Study of the cooling effects of urban green space in Harbin in terms of reducing the heat island effect. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10041101"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"4137","article-title":"Spatio-temporal change of urban-rural vegetation phenology and its response to land surface temperature in Northeast China","volume":"40","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15602","article-title":"Urbanization imprint on land surface phenology: The urban\u2013rural gradient analysis for Chinese cities","volume":"27","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-013-0097-6","article-title":"Land surface phenology and land surface temperature changes along an urban-rural gradient in Yangtze River Delta, China","volume":"52","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1002\/2017EF000653","article-title":"Atmospheric inputs of nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus across an Urban Area: Unaccounted fluxes and canopy influences","volume":"6","author":"Decina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earths Future"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2005.05.022","article-title":"Environmental influence on canopy phenology in the dry tropics","volume":"215","author":"Do","year":"2005","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118110","article-title":"Artificial light pollution inhibits plant phenology advance induced by climate warming","volume":"291","author":"Lian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"42","article-title":"Effect of urbanization process on local climate in Changsha City","volume":"40","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Meteorol. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"191","article-title":"Variation of extreme precipitation during the urbanization of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan urban agglomeration","volume":"34","author":"Peng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Torrential Rain Disasters"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-020-03404-z","article-title":"Inconsistent urbanization effects on summer precipitation over the typical climate regions in central and eastern China","volume":"143","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xin, Q.C., Li, J., Li, Z.M., Li, Y.M., and Zhou, X.W. (2020). Evaluations and comparisons of rule-based and machine-learning-based methods to retrieve satellite-based vegetation phenology using MODIS and USA National Phenology Network data. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf., 93.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jag.2020.102189"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Izar, A., Noelia, O., Marco, Q., Igor, G.O., Diego, G., and Susanna, M. (2021). Comparison of climate reanalysis and remote-sensing data for predicting olive phenology through machine-learning methods. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13061224"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106935","article-title":"Integrated phenology and climate in rice yields prediction using machine learning methods","volume":"120","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Y.H., Yin, G.D., Sun, H.Y., Wang, H.X., Chen, S.Z., Senthilnath, J., Wang, J.Z., and Fu, Y.S. (2020). Scaling effects on chlorophyll content estimations with RGB camera mounted on a UAV platform using machine-learning methods. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185130"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12130","article-title":"Detecting nonlinear response of spring phenology to climate change by Bayesian analysis","volume":"19","author":"Pope","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3647","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12961","article-title":"Precipitation impacts on vegetation spring phenology on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"21","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/18\/3722\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:01:15Z","timestamp":1760166075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/18\/3722"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13183722"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13183722","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]}}}