{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T11:33:06Z","timestamp":1774438386587,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2018YFC1503601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1503601"]}]},{"name":"LIESMARS Special Research Funding"},{"name":"National Dam Safety Research Center","award":["CX2019B05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX2019B05"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41525014 and 42004017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41525014 and 42004017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science Innovation Group Foundation of China","award":["41721003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41721003"]}]},{"name":"The Office of China Postdoctoral Council","award":["20190050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20190050"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\u201cPass-by-pass\u201d or \u201ctrack-to-track\u201d ambiguity resolution removes Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) satellite hardware delays between adjacent undifferenced (UD) ambiguities, which is often applied in precise orbit determination (POD) for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites to improve the accuracy of orbits. In this study, we carried out an exploratory study to use the \u201cpass-by-pass\u201d ambiguity resolution by differencing the undifferenced ambiguity candidates for two adjacent passes in sidereal days for a single Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver static Precise Point Positioning (PPP). Using the GPS observations from 132 globally distributed reference stations of International GPS Service (IGS), we find that 99.08% wide-lane (WL) and 97.83% narrow-lane (NL) double-difference ambiguities formed by the \u201cpass-by-pass\u201d method for all stations can be fixed to their nearest integers within absolute fractional residuals of 0.2 cycles. These proportions are higher than the corresponding values of network solution with multiple receivers with 97.39% and 91.20%, respectively. About 97% to 98% of ambiguities can be fixed finally on average. The comparison of the estimated station coordinates with the IGS weekly solutions reveals that the Root Mean Square (RMS) in East and North directions are 2-4 mm and is about 6 mm in the Up direction. For hourly data, it is found that the mean positioning accuracy improvement can achieve to about 10% after ambiguity resolution. From a dam deformation monitoring application, it shows that the fixing rate of WL and NL ambiguity can be closed to 100% and higher than 90%, respectively. The time series generated by PPP are also in agreement with the short baseline solutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13183728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T03:47:35Z","timestamp":1632282455000},"page":"3728","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pass-by-Pass Ambiguity Resolution in Single GPS Receiver PPP Using Observations for Two Sequential Days: An Exploratory Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8877-610X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruijie","family":"Xi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Nottingham Geospatial Institute, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0068-0141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qusen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaolin","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sino-UK Geospatial Engineering Centre, Nottingham NG8 1NA, UK"},{"name":"Global Geospatial Engineering Ltd., Nottingham NG8 1NA, UK"}]},{"given":"Panos","family":"Psimoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Geospatial Institute, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK"}]},{"given":"Weiping","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3459-7824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caijun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggy198","article-title":"Detection of ground motions using high-rate GPS time-series","volume":"214","author":"Psimoulis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. 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