{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T12:13:43Z","timestamp":1781957623894,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]],"date-time":"2021-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFC1400901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC1400901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1901215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1901215"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Marine Special Program of Jiangsu Province in China","award":["JSZRHYKJ202007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSZRHYKJ202007"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Technology Project of Nature Resources","award":["KJXM2019042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJXM2019042"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) are important atmospheric trace gases for determining air quality, human health, climate change, and ecological conditions both regionally and globally. In this study, the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), total column nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) were used from 2005 to 2020 to identify pollution hotspots and potential source areas responsible for air pollution in Jiangsu Province. The study investigated the spatiotemporal distribution and variability of NO2 and SO2, the SO2\/NO2 ratio, and their trends, and potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis was performed to identify potential source areas. The spatial distributions showed higher values (&gt;0.60 DU) of annual mean NO2 and SO2 for most cities of Jiangsu Province except for Yancheng City (&lt;0.50 DU). The seasonal analyses showed the highest NO2 and SO2 in winter, followed by spring, autumn, and summer. Coal-fire-based room heating and stable meteorological conditions during the cold season may cause higher NO2 and SO2 in winter. Notably, the occurrence frequency of NO2 and SO2 of &gt;1.2 was highest in winter, which varied between 9.14~32.46% for NO2 and 7.84~21.67% for SO2, indicating a high level of pollution across Jiangsu Province. The high SO2\/NO2 ratio (&gt;0.60) indicated that industry is the dominant source, with significant annual and seasonal variations. Trends in NO2 and SO2 were calculated for 2005\u20132020, 2006\u20132010 (when China introduced strict air pollution control policies during the 11th Five Year Plan (FYP)), 2011\u20132015 (during the 12th FYP), and 2013\u20132017 (the Action Plan of Air Pollution Prevention and Control (APPC-AC)). Annually, decreasing trends in NO2 were more prominent during the 12th FYP period (2011\u20132015: \u22120.024~\u22120.052 DU\/year) than in the APPC-AC period (2013\u20132017: \u22120.007~\u22120.043 DU\/year) and 2005\u20132020 (\u22120.002 to \u22120.012 DU\/year). However, no prevention and control policies for NO2 were included during the 11th FYP period (2006\u20132010), resulting in an increasing trend in NO2 (0.015 to 0.031) observed throughout the study area. Furthermore, the implementation of China\u2019s strict air pollution control policies caused a larger decrease in SO2 (per year) during the 12th FYP period (\u22120.002~\u22120.075 DU\/year) than in the 11th FYP period (\u22120.014~\u22120.071 DU\/year), the APPC-AC period (\u22120.007~\u22120.043 DU\/year), and 2005\u20132020 (\u22120.015~\u22120.032 DU\/year). PSCF analysis indicated that the air quality of Jiangsu Province is mainly influenced by local pollution sources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13183742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T22:35:20Z","timestamp":1632263720000},"page":"3742","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Identification of NO2 and SO2 Pollution Hotspots and Sources in Jiangsu Province of China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6986-7302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Environmental Remote Sensing (LERS), School of Marine Sciences (SMS), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9002-3625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Arfan","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Environmental Remote Sensing (LERS), School of Marine Sciences (SMS), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1022-3999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Bilal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Environmental Remote Sensing (LERS), School of Marine Sciences (SMS), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1167-3991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongfeng","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Environmental Remote Sensing (LERS), School of Marine Sciences (SMS), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5728-3780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alaa","family":"Mhawish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Environmental Remote Sensing (LERS), School of Marine Sciences (SMS), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3962-4588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mansour","family":"Almazroui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Climate Change Research, Department of Meteorology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Climatic Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9621-6452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shamsuddin","family":"Shahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Nazrul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Climate Change Research, Department of Meteorology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanzhi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Environmental Remote Sensing (LERS), School of Marine Sciences (SMS), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3988-5654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Nazmul","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urban and Regional Planning (URP), Faculty of Civil Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Ali, A., Bilal, M., Qiu, Z., Ke, S., Almazroui, M., Islam, M., and Zhang, Y. (2021). Identification of Aerosol Pollution Hotspots in Jiangsu Province of China. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13142842"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.09.003","article-title":"Air pollution in mega cities in China","volume":"42","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. 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