{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:30:30Z","timestamp":1772253030817,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]],"date-time":"2021-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Planetary waves in the mesosphere are studied using observational data and models to establish their origin, as there are indications of their generation independently of waves in the stratosphere. The quantitative relationships between zonal wave 1 and wave 2 were studied with a focus on the mid-latitude mesosphere at 50\u00b0N latitude. Aura Microwave Limb Sounder measurements were used to estimate wave amplitudes in geopotential height during sudden stratospheric warmings in recent boreal winters. The moving correlation between the wave amplitudes shows that, in comparison with the anticorrelation in the stratosphere, wave 2 positively correlates with wave 1 and propagates ahead of it in the mesosphere. A positive correlation r = 0.5\u20130.6, statistically significant at the 95% confidence level, is observed at 1\u20135-day time lag and in the 75\u201391 km altitude range, which is the upper mesosphere\u2013mesopause region. Wavelet analysis shows a clear 8-day period in waves 1 and 2 in the mesosphere at 0.01 hPa (80 km), while in the stratosphere\u2013lower mesosphere, the period is twice as long at 16 days; this is statistically significant only in wave 2. Possible sources of mesospheric planetary waves associated with zonal flow instabilities and breaking or dissipation of gravity waves are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13183749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T22:35:20Z","timestamp":1632263720000},"page":"3749","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Mid-Latitude Mesospheric Zonal Wave 1 and Wave 2 in Recent Boreal Winters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6972-2122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center of Future Science, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oleksandr","family":"Evtushevsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Faculty, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6529-5610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerii","family":"Shulga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center of Future Science, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"},{"name":"Department of Millimeter Radio Astronomy, Institute of Radio Astronomy, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gennadi","family":"Milinevsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center of Future Science, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"},{"name":"Physics Faculty, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine"},{"name":"National Antarctic Scientific Center, Department of Atmosphere Physics and Geospace, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3335-0034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Klekociuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antarctic Climate Program, Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston 7050, Australia"},{"name":"School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3053, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yulia","family":"Andrienko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Faculty, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center of Future Science, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1971)028<1479:ADMOTS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A dynamical model of the stratospheric sudden warming","volume":"28","author":"Matsuno","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. 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