{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T17:57:49Z","timestamp":1762624669563,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1903208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1903208"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFA0606902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFA0606902"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Yanqi basin is the main irrigated and active agroecosystem in semi-arid Xinjiang, northwestern China, which further seeks responses to the profound local water-related drawbacks in relation to the unceasing landscape desiccation and scant precipitation. Yet, it comes as an astonishment that a few reported near-surface items and water vapor fluxes as so far required for water resources decision support, particularly in a scarce observation data region. As a contributive effort, here we adjusted the sensible heat flux (H) calibration mechanism of Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) to high-resolution satellite dataset coupled with in-situ observation, through a wise guided \u201canchor\u201d pixel assortment from surface reflectance-\u03b1, Leaf area index-LAI, vegetation index-NDVI, and surface temperature (Pcold,\u00a0Phot) to model the robustness of energy fluxes and Evapotranspiration-ETa over the basin. Results reasonably reflected ETa which returned low RMSE (0.6 mm d\u22121), MAE (0.48 mm d\u22121) compared to in-situ recordings, indicating the competence of SEBAL to predict vapor fluxes in this region. The adjustment unveiled the estimates of the land-use contribution to evapotranspiration with an average ranging from 3 to 4.69 mm d\u22121, reaching a maximum of 5.5 mm d\u22121. Furthermore, findings showed a high striking energy dissipation (LE\/Rn) across grasslands and wetlands. The vegetated surfaces with a great evaporative fraction were associated with the highest LE\/Rn (70\u201390%), and water bodies varying between 20% and 60%, while the desert ecosystem dissipated the least energy with a low evaporative fraction. Still, besides high portrayed evaporation in water, grasslands and wetlands varied interchangeably in accounting for the highest ETa followed by cropland. Finally, a substantial nexus between available energy (Rn-G) and ETa informed the available energy, influenced by NDVI to be the primary driver of these oases\u2019 transpiration. This study provides essentials of near-surface energy fluxes and the likelihood of ETa with considerable baseline inferences for Yanqi that may be beneficial for long-term investigations that will attend in agrometeorological services and sustainable management of water resources in semi-arid regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13183764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T22:35:20Z","timestamp":1632263720000},"page":"3764","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Modeling the Near-Surface Energies and Water Vapor Fluxes Behavior in Response to Summer Canopy Density across Yanqi Endorheic Basin, Northwestern China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Patient Mindje","family":"Kayumba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Lay Adventists of Kigali (UNILAK), Kigali 6392, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1320-1835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gonghuan","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaning","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Mind\u2019je","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Lay Adventists of Kigali (UNILAK), Kigali 6392, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sikandar","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mapendo","family":"Mindje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Biodiversity and Natural Resource Management, University of Rwanda, College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Huye 117, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"770","article-title":"Analysis on the Minimum Water Requirment of Natural Vegetations in Arid Regions in Xinjiang","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arid Land Geogr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3251","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1222475110","article-title":"Global water resources affected by human interventions and climate change","volume":"111","author":"Haddeland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. 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