{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:22:49Z","timestamp":1760235769167,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61805244","62075219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61805244","62075219"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Technological Research Projects of Jilin Province, China","award":["20190303094SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20190303094SF"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004739","name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017261"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Feature description is a necessary process for implementing feature-based remote sensing applications. Due to the limited resources in satellite platforms and the considerable amount of image data, feature description\u2014which is a process before feature matching\u2014has to be fast and reliable. Currently, the state-of-the-art feature description methods are time-consuming as they need to quantitatively describe the detected features according to the surrounding gradients or pixels. Here, we propose a novel feature descriptor called Inter-Feature Relative Azimuth and Distance (IFRAD), which will describe a feature according to its relation to other features in an image. The IFRAD will be utilized after detecting some FAST-alike features: it first selects some stable features according to criteria, then calculates their relationships, such as their relative distances and azimuths, followed by describing the relationships according to some regulations, making them distinguishable while keeping affine-invariance to some extent. Finally, a special feature-similarity evaluator is designed to match features in two images. Compared with other state-of-the-art algorithms, the proposed method has significant improvements in computational efficiency at the expense of reasonable reductions in scale invariance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13183774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T22:35:20Z","timestamp":1632263720000},"page":"3774","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["IFRAD: A Fast Feature Descriptor for Remote Sensing Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2090-6032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinping","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space-Based Dynamic and Rapid Optical Imaging Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuping","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space-Based Dynamic and Rapid Optical Imaging Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space-Based Dynamic and Rapid Optical Imaging Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongsong","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space-Based Dynamic and Rapid Optical Imaging Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space-Based Dynamic and Rapid Optical Imaging Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2016.2600858","article-title":"Remote Sensing Image Registration With Modified SIFT and Enhanced Feature Matching","volume":"14","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. 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