{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T10:34:02Z","timestamp":1790246042727,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to investigate the effects of an optimized sowing calendar for wheat over a surface irrigation scheme in the semi-arid region of Haouz (Morocco) on irrigation water requirements, crop growth and development and on yield. For that, a scenario-based simulation approach based on the covariance matrix adaptation\u2013evolution strategy (CMA-ES) was proposed to optimize both the spatiotemporal distribution of sowing dates and the irrigation schedules, and then evaluate wheat crop using the 2011\u20132012 growing season dataset. Six sowing scenarios were simulated and compared to identify the most optimal spatiotemporal sowing calendar. The obtained results showed that with reference to the existing sowing patterns, early sowing of wheat leads to higher yields compared to late sowing (from 7.40 to 5.32 t\/ha). Compared with actual conditions in the study area, the spatial heterogeneity is highly reduced, which increased equity between farmers. The results also showed that the proportion of plots irrigated in time can be increased (from 40% to 82%) compared to both the actual irrigation schedules and to previous results of irrigation optimization, which did not take into consideration sowing dates optimization. Furthermore, considerable reduction of more than 40% of applied irrigation water can be achieved by optimizing sowing dates. Thus, the proposed approach in this study is relevant for irrigation managers and farmers since it provides an insight on the consequences of their agricultural practices regarding the wheat sowing calendar and irrigation scheduling and can be implemented to recommend the best practices to adopt.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13183789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T22:35:20Z","timestamp":1632263720000},"page":"3789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Optimizing the Sowing Date to Improve Water Management and Wheat Yield in a Large Irrigation Scheme, through a Remote Sensing and an Evolution Strategy-Based Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Salwa","family":"Belaqziz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LabSIV Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Ibn Zohr University (UIZ), Agadir 80000, Morocco"},{"name":"Center for Remote Sensing Applications (CRSA), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir 43150, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3309-9935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sa\u00efd","family":"Khabba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Remote Sensing Applications (CRSA), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir 43150, Morocco"},{"name":"LMFE, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University (UCA), Marrakesh 40000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Hakim","family":"Kharrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Water Research Institute (IWRI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir 43150, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6973-6644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El Houssaine","family":"Bouras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ProcEDE, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Cadi Ayyad University (UCA), Marrakesh 40000, Morocco"},{"name":"Centre d\u2019Etudes Spatiales de la Biosph\u00e8re (CESBIO), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNES\/CNRS\/INRAE\/IRD\/UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8595-7949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salah","family":"Er-Raki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Remote Sensing Applications (CRSA), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir 43150, Morocco"},{"name":"ProcEDE, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Cadi Ayyad University (UCA), Marrakesh 40000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0270-1690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelghani","family":"Chehbouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Remote Sensing Applications (CRSA), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir 43150, Morocco"},{"name":"International Water Research Institute (IWRI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir 43150, Morocco"},{"name":"Centre d\u2019Etudes Spatiales de la Biosph\u00e8re (CESBIO), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNES\/CNRS\/INRAE\/IRD\/UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Harbouze, R., Pellissier, J.-P., Rolland, J.-P., and Khechimi, W. 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